Brain structure abnormalities in adolescent girls with conduct disorder / Graeme FAIRCHILD in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54-1 (January 2013)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 54-1 (January 2013) . - 86-95 Titre : Brain structure abnormalities in adolescent girls with conduct disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Graeme FAIRCHILD, Auteur ; Cindy C. HAGAN, Auteur ; Nicholas D. WALSH, Auteur ; Luca PASSAMONTI, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Ian M. GOODYER, Auteur Article en page(s) : 86-95 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Conduct disorder  callous-unemotional traits  voxel-based morphometry  anterior insula  amygdala  sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: Conduct disorder (CD) in female adolescents is associated with a range of negative outcomes, including teenage pregnancy and antisocial personality disorder. Although recent studies have documented changes in brain structure and function in male adolescents with CD, there have been no neuroimaging studies of female adolescents with CD. Our primary objective was to investigate whether female adolescents with CD show changes in grey matter volume. Our secondary aim was to assess for sex differences in the relationship between CD and brain structure. Methods: Female adolescents with CD (n = 22) and healthy control participants matched in age, performance IQ and handedness (n = 20) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Group comparisons of grey matter volume were performed using voxel-based morphometry. We also tested for sex differences using archive data obtained from male CD and control participants. Results: Female adolescents with CD showed reduced bilateral anterior insula and right striatal grey matter volumes compared with healthy controls. Aggressive CD symptoms were negatively correlated with right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume, whereas callous-unemotional traits were positively correlated with bilateral orbitofrontal cortex volume. The sex differences analyses revealed a main effect of diagnosis on right amygdala volume (reflecting reduced amygdala volume in the combined CD group relative to controls) and sex-by-diagnosis interactions in bilateral anterior insula. Conclusions: We observed structural abnormalities in brain regions involved in emotion processing, reward and empathy in female adolescents with CD, which broadly overlap with those reported in previous studies of CD in male adolescents. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02617.x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=186 [article] Brain structure abnormalities in adolescent girls with conduct disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Graeme FAIRCHILD, Auteur ; Cindy C. HAGAN, Auteur ; Nicholas D. WALSH, Auteur ; Luca PASSAMONTI, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Ian M. GOODYER, Auteur . - 86-95. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 54-1 (January 2013) . - 86-95 Mots-clés : Conduct disorder  callous-unemotional traits  voxel-based morphometry  anterior insula  amygdala  sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: Conduct disorder (CD) in female adolescents is associated with a range of negative outcomes, including teenage pregnancy and antisocial personality disorder. Although recent studies have documented changes in brain structure and function in male adolescents with CD, there have been no neuroimaging studies of female adolescents with CD. Our primary objective was to investigate whether female adolescents with CD show changes in grey matter volume. Our secondary aim was to assess for sex differences in the relationship between CD and brain structure. Methods: Female adolescents with CD (n = 22) and healthy control participants matched in age, performance IQ and handedness (n = 20) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging. Group comparisons of grey matter volume were performed using voxel-based morphometry. We also tested for sex differences using archive data obtained from male CD and control participants. Results: Female adolescents with CD showed reduced bilateral anterior insula and right striatal grey matter volumes compared with healthy controls. Aggressive CD symptoms were negatively correlated with right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume, whereas callous-unemotional traits were positively correlated with bilateral orbitofrontal cortex volume. The sex differences analyses revealed a main effect of diagnosis on right amygdala volume (reflecting reduced amygdala volume in the combined CD group relative to controls) and sex-by-diagnosis interactions in bilateral anterior insula. Conclusions: We observed structural abnormalities in brain regions involved in emotion processing, reward and empathy in female adolescents with CD, which broadly overlap with those reported in previous studies of CD in male adolescents. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02617.x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=186

Deficits in facial expression recognition in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder / Graeme FAIRCHILD in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50-5 (May 2009)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 50-5 (May 2009) . - p.627-636 Titre : Deficits in facial expression recognition in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Graeme FAIRCHILD, Auteur ; Stephanie H. M. VAN GOOZEN, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Sarah J. STOLLERY, Auteur ; Ian M. GOODYER, Auteur Année de publication : 2009 Article en page(s) : p.627-636 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Emotion-recognition conduct-disorder antisocial-behaviour psychopathy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: We examined whether conduct disorder (CD) is associated with deficits in facial expression recognition and, if so, whether these deficits are specific to the early-onset form of CD, which emerges in childhood. The findings could potentially inform the developmental taxonomic theory of antisocial behaviour, which suggests that early-onset and adolescence-limited forms of CD are subject to different aetiological processes. Method: Male adolescents with either early-onset CD (n = 42) or adolescence-onset CD (n = 39), and controls with no history of serious antisocial behaviour and no current psychiatric disorder (n = 40) completed tests of facial expression and facial identity recognition. Dependent measures were: (a) correct recognition of facial expressions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise, and (b) the number of correct matches of unfamiliar faces. Results: Relative to controls, recognition of anger, disgust, and happiness in facial expressions was disproportionately impaired in participants with early-onset CD, whereas recognition of fear was impaired in participants with adolescence-onset CD. Participants with CD who were high in psychopathic traits showed impaired fear, sadness, and surprise recognition relative to those low in psychopathic traits. There were no group differences in facial identity recognition. Conclusions: Both CD subtypes were associated with impairments in facial recognition, although these were more marked in the early-onset subgroup. Variation in psychopathic traits appeared to exert an additional influence on the recognition of fear, sadness and surprise. Implications of these data for the developmental taxonomic theory of antisocial behaviour are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02020.x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=731 [article] Deficits in facial expression recognition in male adolescents with early-onset or adolescence-onset conduct disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Graeme FAIRCHILD, Auteur ; Stephanie H. M. VAN GOOZEN, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Sarah J. STOLLERY, Auteur ; Ian M. GOODYER, Auteur . - 2009 . - p.627-636. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 50-5 (May 2009) . - p.627-636 Mots-clés : Emotion-recognition conduct-disorder antisocial-behaviour psychopathy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background: We examined whether conduct disorder (CD) is associated with deficits in facial expression recognition and, if so, whether these deficits are specific to the early-onset form of CD, which emerges in childhood. The findings could potentially inform the developmental taxonomic theory of antisocial behaviour, which suggests that early-onset and adolescence-limited forms of CD are subject to different aetiological processes. Method: Male adolescents with either early-onset CD (n = 42) or adolescence-onset CD (n = 39), and controls with no history of serious antisocial behaviour and no current psychiatric disorder (n = 40) completed tests of facial expression and facial identity recognition. Dependent measures were: (a) correct recognition of facial expressions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise, and (b) the number of correct matches of unfamiliar faces. Results: Relative to controls, recognition of anger, disgust, and happiness in facial expressions was disproportionately impaired in participants with early-onset CD, whereas recognition of fear was impaired in participants with adolescence-onset CD. Participants with CD who were high in psychopathic traits showed impaired fear, sadness, and surprise recognition relative to those low in psychopathic traits. There were no group differences in facial identity recognition. Conclusions: Both CD subtypes were associated with impairments in facial recognition, although these were more marked in the early-onset subgroup. Variation in psychopathic traits appeared to exert an additional influence on the recognition of fear, sadness and surprise. Implications of these data for the developmental taxonomic theory of antisocial behaviour are discussed. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.02020.x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=731

Failure to deactivate the default mode network indicates a possible endophenotype of autism / Michael D. SPENCER in Molecular Autism, (December 2012)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > (December 2012) . - 9 p. Titre : Failure to deactivate the default mode network indicates a possible endophenotype of autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Michael D. SPENCER, Auteur ; Lindsay CHURA, Auteur ; Rosemary HOLT, Auteur ; John SUCKLING, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Edward T. BULLMORE, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : 9 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism  Default mode network  Functional MRI  Endophenotype Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND:Reduced activity during cognitively demanding tasks has been reported in the default mode network in typically developing controls and individuals with autism. However, no study has investigated the default mode network (DMN) in first-degree relatives of those with autism (such as siblings) and it is not known whether atypical activation of the DMN is specific to autism or whether it is also present in unaffected relatives. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the pattern of task-related deactivation during completion of a visual search task, the Embedded Figures Task, in teenagers with autism, their unaffected siblings and typically developing controls.FINDINGS:We identified striking reductions in deactivation during the Embedded Figures Task in unaffected siblings compared to controls in brain regions corresponding to the default mode network. Adolescents with autism and their unaffected siblings similarly failed to deactivate regions, including posterior cingulate and bilateral inferior parietal cortex.CONCLUSIONS:This suggests that a failure to deactivate these regions is a functional endophenotype of autism, related to familial risk for the condition shared between individuals with autism and their siblings. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-3-15 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=202 [article] Failure to deactivate the default mode network indicates a possible endophenotype of autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Michael D. SPENCER, Auteur ; Lindsay CHURA, Auteur ; Rosemary HOLT, Auteur ; John SUCKLING, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Edward T. BULLMORE, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur . - 2012 . - 9 p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > (December 2012) . - 9 p. Mots-clés : Autism  Default mode network  Functional MRI  Endophenotype Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND:Reduced activity during cognitively demanding tasks has been reported in the default mode network in typically developing controls and individuals with autism. However, no study has investigated the default mode network (DMN) in first-degree relatives of those with autism (such as siblings) and it is not known whether atypical activation of the DMN is specific to autism or whether it is also present in unaffected relatives. Here we use functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the pattern of task-related deactivation during completion of a visual search task, the Embedded Figures Task, in teenagers with autism, their unaffected siblings and typically developing controls.FINDINGS:We identified striking reductions in deactivation during the Embedded Figures Task in unaffected siblings compared to controls in brain regions corresponding to the default mode network. Adolescents with autism and their unaffected siblings similarly failed to deactivate regions, including posterior cingulate and bilateral inferior parietal cortex.CONCLUSIONS:This suggests that a failure to deactivate these regions is a functional endophenotype of autism, related to familial risk for the condition shared between individuals with autism and their siblings. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2040-2392-3-15 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=202

Intact priors for gaze direction in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum conditions / P. J. PELL in Molecular Autism, 7 (2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 7 (2016) . - 25p. Titre : Intact priors for gaze direction in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum conditions Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : P. J. PELL, Auteur ; I. MARESCHAL, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Elisabeth A. H. VON DEM HAGEN, Auteur ; C. W. CLIFFORD, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; M. P. EWBANK, Auteur Article en page(s) : 25p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology  Bayes Theorem  Female  Fixation, Ocular/physiology  Humans  Male  Pattern Recognition, Visual  Photic Stimulation  Visual Perception  Young Adult  Autism  Autistic traits  Bayesian priors  Gaze perception  Uncertainty Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are associated with a range of perceptual atypicalities, including abnormalities in gaze processing. Pellicano and Burr (Trends Cogn Sci 16(10):504-10, 2012) have argued that these atypicalities might be explained within a Bayesian framework, in which perception represents the combination of sensory information with prior knowledge. They propose that the Bayesian priors of individuals with ASC might be attenuated, such that their perception is less reliant on prior knowledge than neurotypical individuals. An important tenet of Bayesian decision theory is that increased uncertainty about incoming sensory information will lead to a greater influence of the prior on perception. Consistent with this, Mareschal et al. (Curr Biol 23(8):717-21, 2013) showed that when noise is added to the eyes of a face (increasing uncertainty about gaze direction), gaze is more likely to be perceived as direct. METHODS: We adopted the same paradigm as Mareschal et al. to determine whether the influence of a prior on gaze perception is reduced in neurotypical participants with high numbers of autistic traits (experiment 1) and in individuals with a clinical diagnosis of ASC (experiment 2). Participants were presented with synthetic faces and asked to make a judgement about the relative gaze directions of the faces. Uncertainty about gaze direction was manipulated by adding noise to the eyes of a face. RESULTS: Consistent with previous work, in both experiment 1 and experiment 2, participants showed a bias towards perceiving gaze as direct under conditions of uncertainty. However, there was no evidence that the magnitude of this bias was reduced either in the ASC group or in neurotypical controls with a high number of autistic traits. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings challenge the attenuated priors theory of perception in ASC (Trends Cogn Sci 16(10):504-10, 2012) and related proposals (Trends Cogn Sci 17(1):1, 2013, Front Hum Neurosci 8:302, 2014), and suggest priors for gaze direction are intact in high-functioning ASC. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0085-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=329 [article] Intact priors for gaze direction in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum conditions [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / P. J. PELL, Auteur ; I. MARESCHAL, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Elisabeth A. H. VON DEM HAGEN, Auteur ; C. W. CLIFFORD, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; M. P. EWBANK, Auteur . - 25p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 7 (2016) . - 25p. Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology  Bayes Theorem  Female  Fixation, Ocular/physiology  Humans  Male  Pattern Recognition, Visual  Photic Stimulation  Visual Perception  Young Adult  Autism  Autistic traits  Bayesian priors  Gaze perception  Uncertainty Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are associated with a range of perceptual atypicalities, including abnormalities in gaze processing. Pellicano and Burr (Trends Cogn Sci 16(10):504-10, 2012) have argued that these atypicalities might be explained within a Bayesian framework, in which perception represents the combination of sensory information with prior knowledge. They propose that the Bayesian priors of individuals with ASC might be attenuated, such that their perception is less reliant on prior knowledge than neurotypical individuals. An important tenet of Bayesian decision theory is that increased uncertainty about incoming sensory information will lead to a greater influence of the prior on perception. Consistent with this, Mareschal et al. (Curr Biol 23(8):717-21, 2013) showed that when noise is added to the eyes of a face (increasing uncertainty about gaze direction), gaze is more likely to be perceived as direct. METHODS: We adopted the same paradigm as Mareschal et al. to determine whether the influence of a prior on gaze perception is reduced in neurotypical participants with high numbers of autistic traits (experiment 1) and in individuals with a clinical diagnosis of ASC (experiment 2). Participants were presented with synthetic faces and asked to make a judgement about the relative gaze directions of the faces. Uncertainty about gaze direction was manipulated by adding noise to the eyes of a face. RESULTS: Consistent with previous work, in both experiment 1 and experiment 2, participants showed a bias towards perceiving gaze as direct under conditions of uncertainty. However, there was no evidence that the magnitude of this bias was reduced either in the ASC group or in neurotypical controls with a high number of autistic traits. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings challenge the attenuated priors theory of perception in ASC (Trends Cogn Sci 16(10):504-10, 2012) and related proposals (Trends Cogn Sci 17(1):1, 2013, Front Hum Neurosci 8:302, 2014), and suggest priors for gaze direction are intact in high-functioning ASC. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0085-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=329

Mapping the structural organization of the brain in conduct disorder: replication of findings in two independent samples / Graeme FAIRCHILD in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57-9 (September 2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 57-9 (September 2016) . - p.1018-1026 Titre : Mapping the structural organization of the brain in conduct disorder: replication of findings in two independent samples Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Graeme FAIRCHILD, Auteur ; Nicola TOSCHI, Auteur ; Kate SULLY, Auteur ; Edmund J. S. SONUGA-BARKE, Auteur ; Cindy C. HAGAN, Auteur ; Stefano DICIOTTI, Auteur ; Ian M. GOODYER, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Luca PASSAMONTI, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1018-1026 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Cortical thickness  structural covariance  conduct disorder  antisocial behavior  developmental taxonomic theory Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Neuroimaging methods that allow researchers to investigate structural covariance between brain regions are increasingly being used to study psychiatric disorders. Structural covariance analyses are particularly well suited for studying disorders with putative neurodevelopmental origins as they appear sensitive to changes in the synchronized maturation of different brain regions. We assessed interregional correlations in cortical thickness as a measure of structural covariance, and applied this method to investigate the coordinated development of different brain regions in conduct disorder (CD). We also assessed whether structural covariance measures could differentiate between the childhood-onset (CO-CD) and adolescence-onset (AO-CD) subtypes of CD, which may differ in terms of etiology and adult outcomes. Methods We examined interregional correlations in cortical thickness in male youths with CO-CD or AO-CD relative to healthy controls (HCs) in two independent datasets. The age range in the Cambridge sample was 16–21 years (mean: 18.0), whereas the age range of the Southampton sample was 13–18 years (mean: 16.7). We used FreeSurfer to perform segmentations and applied structural covariance methods to the resulting parcellations. Results In both samples, CO-CD participants displayed a strikingly higher number of significant cross-cortical correlations compared to HC or AO-CD participants, whereas AO-CD participants presented fewer significant correlations than HCs. Group differences in the strength of the interregional correlations were observed in both samples, and each set of results remained significant when controlling for IQ and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Conclusions This study provides new evidence for quantitative differences in structural brain organization between the CO-CD and AO-CD subtypes, and supports the hypothesis that both subtypes of CD have neurodevelopmental origins. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12581 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=292 [article] Mapping the structural organization of the brain in conduct disorder: replication of findings in two independent samples [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Graeme FAIRCHILD, Auteur ; Nicola TOSCHI, Auteur ; Kate SULLY, Auteur ; Edmund J. S. SONUGA-BARKE, Auteur ; Cindy C. HAGAN, Auteur ; Stefano DICIOTTI, Auteur ; Ian M. GOODYER, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Luca PASSAMONTI, Auteur . - p.1018-1026. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 57-9 (September 2016) . - p.1018-1026 Mots-clés : Cortical thickness  structural covariance  conduct disorder  antisocial behavior  developmental taxonomic theory Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Neuroimaging methods that allow researchers to investigate structural covariance between brain regions are increasingly being used to study psychiatric disorders. Structural covariance analyses are particularly well suited for studying disorders with putative neurodevelopmental origins as they appear sensitive to changes in the synchronized maturation of different brain regions. We assessed interregional correlations in cortical thickness as a measure of structural covariance, and applied this method to investigate the coordinated development of different brain regions in conduct disorder (CD). We also assessed whether structural covariance measures could differentiate between the childhood-onset (CO-CD) and adolescence-onset (AO-CD) subtypes of CD, which may differ in terms of etiology and adult outcomes. Methods We examined interregional correlations in cortical thickness in male youths with CO-CD or AO-CD relative to healthy controls (HCs) in two independent datasets. The age range in the Cambridge sample was 16–21 years (mean: 18.0), whereas the age range of the Southampton sample was 13–18 years (mean: 16.7). We used FreeSurfer to perform segmentations and applied structural covariance methods to the resulting parcellations. Results In both samples, CO-CD participants displayed a strikingly higher number of significant cross-cortical correlations compared to HC or AO-CD participants, whereas AO-CD participants presented fewer significant correlations than HCs. Group differences in the strength of the interregional correlations were observed in both samples, and each set of results remained significant when controlling for IQ and comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Conclusions This study provides new evidence for quantitative differences in structural brain organization between the CO-CD and AO-CD subtypes, and supports the hypothesis that both subtypes of CD have neurodevelopmental origins. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12581 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=292

Research Review: Evaluating and reformulating the developmental taxonomic theory of antisocial behaviour / Graeme FAIRCHILD in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54-9 (September 2013)  

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The Influences of Face Inversion and Facial Expression on Sensitivity to Eye Contact in High-Functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders / Mark D. VIDA in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43-11 (November 2013)  

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