4 recherche sur le mot-clé 'Fixation, Ocular/physiology'

Gazefinder as a clinical supplementary tool for discriminating between autism spectrum disorder and typical development in male adolescents and adults / T. FUJIOKA in Molecular Autism, 7 (2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 7 (2016) . - 19p. Titre : Gazefinder as a clinical supplementary tool for discriminating between autism spectrum disorder and typical development in male adolescents and adults Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : T. FUJIOKA, Auteur ; K. INOHARA, Auteur ; Y. OKAMOTO, Auteur ; Y. MASUYA, Auteur ; M. ISHITOBI, Auteur ; Daisuke N. SAITO, Auteur ; M. JUNG, Auteur ; Sumiyoshi ARAI, Auteur ; Y. MATSUMURA, Auteur ; T. X. FUJISAWA, Auteur ; K. NARITA, Auteur ; K. SUZUKI, Auteur ; K. J. TSUCHIYA, Auteur ; N. MORI, Auteur ; T. KATAYAMA, Auteur ; M. SATO, Auteur ; T. MUNESUE, Auteur ; H. OKAZAWA, Auteur ; A. TOMODA, Auteur ; Y. WADA, Auteur ; H. KOSAKA, Auteur Article en page(s) : 19p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent  Adult  Area Under Curve  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis/physiopathology  Case-Control Studies  Discriminant Analysis  Fixation, Ocular/physiology  Humans  Male  Ocular Physiological Phenomena  Photic Stimulation  Psychometrics  ROC Curve  Social Behavior  Time Factors  Autism spectrum disorder  Biological motion  Eye-tracking  Face  Fixation  Gaze abnormality  Geometry Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Gaze abnormality is a diagnostic criterion for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, few easy-to-use clinical tools exist to evaluate the unique eye-gaze patterns of ASD. Recently, we developed Gazefinder, an all-in-one eye-tracking system for early detection of ASD in toddlers. Because abnormal gaze patterns have been documented in various ASD age groups, we predicted that Gazefinder might also detect gaze abnormality in adolescents and adults. In this study, we tested whether Gazefinder could identify unique gaze patterns in adolescents and adults with ASD. METHODS: We measured the percentage of eye fixation time allocated to particular objects depicted in movies (i.e., eyes and mouth in human face movies, upright and inverted biological motion in movies that presented these stimuli simultaneously, and people and geometry in movies that presented these stimuli simultaneously) by male adolescents and adults with ASD (N = 26) and age-matched males with typical development (TD; N = 35). We compared these percentages between the two groups (ASD and TD) and with scores on the social responsiveness scale (SRS). Further, we conducted discriminant analyses to determine if fixation times allocated to particular objects could be used to discriminate between individuals with and without ASD. RESULTS: Compared with the TD group, the ASD group showed significantly less fixation time at locations of salient social information (i.e., eyes in the movie of human faces without lip movement and people in the movie of people and geometry), while there were no significant groupwise differences in the responses to movies of human faces with lip movement or biological motion. In a within-group correlation analysis, a few of the fixation-time items correlated with SRS, although most of them did not. No items significantly correlated with SRS in both ASD and TD groups. The percentage fixation times to eyes and people, which exhibited large effect sizes for the group difference, could differentiate ASD and TD with a sensitivity of 81.0% and a specificity of 80.0%. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that Gazefinder is potentially a valuable and easy-to-use tool for objectively measuring unique gaze patterns and discriminating between ASD and TD in male adolescents and adults. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0083-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=328 [article] Gazefinder as a clinical supplementary tool for discriminating between autism spectrum disorder and typical development in male adolescents and adults [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / T. FUJIOKA, Auteur ; K. INOHARA, Auteur ; Y. OKAMOTO, Auteur ; Y. MASUYA, Auteur ; M. ISHITOBI, Auteur ; Daisuke N. SAITO, Auteur ; M. JUNG, Auteur ; Sumiyoshi ARAI, Auteur ; Y. MATSUMURA, Auteur ; T. X. FUJISAWA, Auteur ; K. NARITA, Auteur ; K. SUZUKI, Auteur ; K. J. TSUCHIYA, Auteur ; N. MORI, Auteur ; T. KATAYAMA, Auteur ; M. SATO, Auteur ; T. MUNESUE, Auteur ; H. OKAZAWA, Auteur ; A. TOMODA, Auteur ; Y. WADA, Auteur ; H. KOSAKA, Auteur . - 19p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 7 (2016) . - 19p. Mots-clés : Adolescent  Adult  Area Under Curve  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis/physiopathology  Case-Control Studies  Discriminant Analysis  Fixation, Ocular/physiology  Humans  Male  Ocular Physiological Phenomena  Photic Stimulation  Psychometrics  ROC Curve  Social Behavior  Time Factors  Autism spectrum disorder  Biological motion  Eye-tracking  Face  Fixation  Gaze abnormality  Geometry Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Gaze abnormality is a diagnostic criterion for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, few easy-to-use clinical tools exist to evaluate the unique eye-gaze patterns of ASD. Recently, we developed Gazefinder, an all-in-one eye-tracking system for early detection of ASD in toddlers. Because abnormal gaze patterns have been documented in various ASD age groups, we predicted that Gazefinder might also detect gaze abnormality in adolescents and adults. In this study, we tested whether Gazefinder could identify unique gaze patterns in adolescents and adults with ASD. METHODS: We measured the percentage of eye fixation time allocated to particular objects depicted in movies (i.e., eyes and mouth in human face movies, upright and inverted biological motion in movies that presented these stimuli simultaneously, and people and geometry in movies that presented these stimuli simultaneously) by male adolescents and adults with ASD (N = 26) and age-matched males with typical development (TD; N = 35). We compared these percentages between the two groups (ASD and TD) and with scores on the social responsiveness scale (SRS). Further, we conducted discriminant analyses to determine if fixation times allocated to particular objects could be used to discriminate between individuals with and without ASD. RESULTS: Compared with the TD group, the ASD group showed significantly less fixation time at locations of salient social information (i.e., eyes in the movie of human faces without lip movement and people in the movie of people and geometry), while there were no significant groupwise differences in the responses to movies of human faces with lip movement or biological motion. In a within-group correlation analysis, a few of the fixation-time items correlated with SRS, although most of them did not. No items significantly correlated with SRS in both ASD and TD groups. The percentage fixation times to eyes and people, which exhibited large effect sizes for the group difference, could differentiate ASD and TD with a sensitivity of 81.0% and a specificity of 80.0%. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that Gazefinder is potentially a valuable and easy-to-use tool for objectively measuring unique gaze patterns and discriminating between ASD and TD in male adolescents and adults. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0083-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=328

Altered gaze following during live interaction in infants at risk for autism: an eye tracking study / E. THORUP in Molecular Autism, 7 (2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 7 (2016) . - 12p. Titre : Altered gaze following during live interaction in infants at risk for autism: an eye tracking study Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : E. THORUP, Auteur ; P. NYSTROM, Auteur ; G. GREDEBACK, Auteur ; Sven BÖLTE, Auteur ; T. FALCK-YTTER, Auteur Article en page(s) : 12p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Attention/physiology  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology/physiopathology  Cues  Early Diagnosis  Eye Movements  Family Health  Female  Fixation, Ocular/physiology  Head Movements  Humans  Imitative Behavior/physiology  Infant  Male  Pursuit, Smooth/physiology  Risk  Single-Blind Method  Social Behavior  Social Perception  Autism  Communication  Early development  Gaze following  Joint attention  Neurodevelopmental disorders  Social cognition  Younger siblings Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: The ability to follow gaze is an important prerequisite for joint attention, which is often compromised in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The direction of both the head and eyes provides cues to other people's attention direction, but previous studies have not separated these factors and their relation to ASD susceptibility. Development of gaze following typically occurs before ASD diagnosis is possible, and studies of high-risk populations are therefore important. METHODS: Eye tracking was used to assess gaze following during interaction in a group of 10-month-old infants at high familial risk for ASD (high-risk group) as well as a group of infants with no family history of ASD (low-risk group). The infants watched an experimenter gaze at objects in the periphery. Performance was compared across two conditions: one in which the experimenter moved both the eyes and head toward the objects (Eyes and Head condition) and one that involved movement of the eyes only (Eyes Only condition). RESULTS: A group by condition interaction effect was found. Specifically, whereas gaze following accuracy was comparable across the two conditions in the low-risk group, infants in the high-risk group were more likely to follow gaze in the Eyes and Head condition than in the Eyes Only condition. CONCLUSIONS: In an ecologically valid social situation, responses to basic non-verbal orienting cues were found to be altered in infants at risk for ASD. The results indicate that infants at risk for ASD may rely disproportionally on information from the head when following gaze and point to the importance of separating information from the eyes and the head when studying social perception in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0069-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=329 [article] Altered gaze following during live interaction in infants at risk for autism: an eye tracking study [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / E. THORUP, Auteur ; P. NYSTROM, Auteur ; G. GREDEBACK, Auteur ; Sven BÖLTE, Auteur ; T. FALCK-YTTER, Auteur . - 12p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 7 (2016) . - 12p. Mots-clés : Attention/physiology  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology/physiopathology  Cues  Early Diagnosis  Eye Movements  Family Health  Female  Fixation, Ocular/physiology  Head Movements  Humans  Imitative Behavior/physiology  Infant  Male  Pursuit, Smooth/physiology  Risk  Single-Blind Method  Social Behavior  Social Perception  Autism  Communication  Early development  Gaze following  Joint attention  Neurodevelopmental disorders  Social cognition  Younger siblings Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: The ability to follow gaze is an important prerequisite for joint attention, which is often compromised in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The direction of both the head and eyes provides cues to other people's attention direction, but previous studies have not separated these factors and their relation to ASD susceptibility. Development of gaze following typically occurs before ASD diagnosis is possible, and studies of high-risk populations are therefore important. METHODS: Eye tracking was used to assess gaze following during interaction in a group of 10-month-old infants at high familial risk for ASD (high-risk group) as well as a group of infants with no family history of ASD (low-risk group). The infants watched an experimenter gaze at objects in the periphery. Performance was compared across two conditions: one in which the experimenter moved both the eyes and head toward the objects (Eyes and Head condition) and one that involved movement of the eyes only (Eyes Only condition). RESULTS: A group by condition interaction effect was found. Specifically, whereas gaze following accuracy was comparable across the two conditions in the low-risk group, infants in the high-risk group were more likely to follow gaze in the Eyes and Head condition than in the Eyes Only condition. CONCLUSIONS: In an ecologically valid social situation, responses to basic non-verbal orienting cues were found to be altered in infants at risk for ASD. The results indicate that infants at risk for ASD may rely disproportionally on information from the head when following gaze and point to the importance of separating information from the eyes and the head when studying social perception in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0069-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=329

Intact priors for gaze direction in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum conditions / P. J. PELL in Molecular Autism, 7 (2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 7 (2016) . - 25p. Titre : Intact priors for gaze direction in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum conditions Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : P. J. PELL, Auteur ; I. MARESCHAL, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Elisabeth A. H. VON DEM HAGEN, Auteur ; C. W. CLIFFORD, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; M. P. EWBANK, Auteur Article en page(s) : 25p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology  Bayes Theorem  Female  Fixation, Ocular/physiology  Humans  Male  Pattern Recognition, Visual  Photic Stimulation  Visual Perception  Young Adult  Autism  Autistic traits  Bayesian priors  Gaze perception  Uncertainty Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are associated with a range of perceptual atypicalities, including abnormalities in gaze processing. Pellicano and Burr (Trends Cogn Sci 16(10):504-10, 2012) have argued that these atypicalities might be explained within a Bayesian framework, in which perception represents the combination of sensory information with prior knowledge. They propose that the Bayesian priors of individuals with ASC might be attenuated, such that their perception is less reliant on prior knowledge than neurotypical individuals. An important tenet of Bayesian decision theory is that increased uncertainty about incoming sensory information will lead to a greater influence of the prior on perception. Consistent with this, Mareschal et al. (Curr Biol 23(8):717-21, 2013) showed that when noise is added to the eyes of a face (increasing uncertainty about gaze direction), gaze is more likely to be perceived as direct. METHODS: We adopted the same paradigm as Mareschal et al. to determine whether the influence of a prior on gaze perception is reduced in neurotypical participants with high numbers of autistic traits (experiment 1) and in individuals with a clinical diagnosis of ASC (experiment 2). Participants were presented with synthetic faces and asked to make a judgement about the relative gaze directions of the faces. Uncertainty about gaze direction was manipulated by adding noise to the eyes of a face. RESULTS: Consistent with previous work, in both experiment 1 and experiment 2, participants showed a bias towards perceiving gaze as direct under conditions of uncertainty. However, there was no evidence that the magnitude of this bias was reduced either in the ASC group or in neurotypical controls with a high number of autistic traits. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings challenge the attenuated priors theory of perception in ASC (Trends Cogn Sci 16(10):504-10, 2012) and related proposals (Trends Cogn Sci 17(1):1, 2013, Front Hum Neurosci 8:302, 2014), and suggest priors for gaze direction are intact in high-functioning ASC. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0085-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=329 [article] Intact priors for gaze direction in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum conditions [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / P. J. PELL, Auteur ; I. MARESCHAL, Auteur ; Andrew J. CALDER, Auteur ; Elisabeth A. H. VON DEM HAGEN, Auteur ; C. W. CLIFFORD, Auteur ; Simon BARON-COHEN, Auteur ; M. P. EWBANK, Auteur . - 25p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 7 (2016) . - 25p. Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology  Bayes Theorem  Female  Fixation, Ocular/physiology  Humans  Male  Pattern Recognition, Visual  Photic Stimulation  Visual Perception  Young Adult  Autism  Autistic traits  Bayesian priors  Gaze perception  Uncertainty Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are associated with a range of perceptual atypicalities, including abnormalities in gaze processing. Pellicano and Burr (Trends Cogn Sci 16(10):504-10, 2012) have argued that these atypicalities might be explained within a Bayesian framework, in which perception represents the combination of sensory information with prior knowledge. They propose that the Bayesian priors of individuals with ASC might be attenuated, such that their perception is less reliant on prior knowledge than neurotypical individuals. An important tenet of Bayesian decision theory is that increased uncertainty about incoming sensory information will lead to a greater influence of the prior on perception. Consistent with this, Mareschal et al. (Curr Biol 23(8):717-21, 2013) showed that when noise is added to the eyes of a face (increasing uncertainty about gaze direction), gaze is more likely to be perceived as direct. METHODS: We adopted the same paradigm as Mareschal et al. to determine whether the influence of a prior on gaze perception is reduced in neurotypical participants with high numbers of autistic traits (experiment 1) and in individuals with a clinical diagnosis of ASC (experiment 2). Participants were presented with synthetic faces and asked to make a judgement about the relative gaze directions of the faces. Uncertainty about gaze direction was manipulated by adding noise to the eyes of a face. RESULTS: Consistent with previous work, in both experiment 1 and experiment 2, participants showed a bias towards perceiving gaze as direct under conditions of uncertainty. However, there was no evidence that the magnitude of this bias was reduced either in the ASC group or in neurotypical controls with a high number of autistic traits. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings challenge the attenuated priors theory of perception in ASC (Trends Cogn Sci 16(10):504-10, 2012) and related proposals (Trends Cogn Sci 17(1):1, 2013, Front Hum Neurosci 8:302, 2014), and suggest priors for gaze direction are intact in high-functioning ASC. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0085-9 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=329

Sex differences in the association between infant markers and later autistic traits / Rachael BEDFORD in Molecular Autism, 7 (2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inMolecular Autism > 7 (2016) . - 21p. Titre : Sex differences in the association between infant markers and later autistic traits Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Rachael BEDFORD, Auteur ; E. J. JONES, Auteur ; M. H. JOHNSON, Auteur ; A. PICKLES, Auteur ; Tony CHARMAN, Auteur ; T. GLIGA, Auteur Article en page(s) : 21p. Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Attention/physiology  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis/pathology  Female  Fixation, Ocular/physiology  Humans  Infant  Male  Phenotype  Risk Factors  Severity of Illness Index  Sex Factors  Siblings  Surveys and Questionnaires  Video Recording  Autism  Differential liability  High risk  Infants  Sex difference Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Although it is well established that the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is higher in males than females, there is relatively little understanding of the underlying mechanisms and their developmental time course. Sex-specific protective or risk factors have often been invoked to explain these differences, but such factors are yet to be identified. METHODS: We take a developmental approach, using a prospective sample of 104 infants at high and low familial risk for ASD, to characterise sex differences in infant markers known to predict emerging autism symptoms. We examine three markers previously shown to be associated with later autistic social-communication symptoms: the Autism Observation Scale for Infants (AOSI) total score, attention disengagement speed and gaze following behaviour. Our aim was to test whether sex differences were already present in these markers at 1 year of age, which would suggest sex-specific mechanisms of risk or protection. RESULTS: While no sex differences were found in any of the three markers investigated, we found sex differences in their relationship to 3-year autism traits; all three markers significantly predicted later autism traits only in the boys. CONCLUSIONS: Previously identified 'early autism markers' were associated with later autism symptoms only in boys. This suggests that there may be additional moderating risk or protective factors which remain to be identified. Our findings have important implications for prospective studies in terms of directly testing for the moderating effect of sex on emerging autistic traits. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0081-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=328 [article] Sex differences in the association between infant markers and later autistic traits [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Rachael BEDFORD, Auteur ; E. J. JONES, Auteur ; M. H. JOHNSON, Auteur ; A. PICKLES, Auteur ; Tony CHARMAN, Auteur ; T. GLIGA, Auteur . - 21p. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Molecular Autism > 7 (2016) . - 21p. Mots-clés : Attention/physiology  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis/pathology  Female  Fixation, Ocular/physiology  Humans  Infant  Male  Phenotype  Risk Factors  Severity of Illness Index  Sex Factors  Siblings  Surveys and Questionnaires  Video Recording  Autism  Differential liability  High risk  Infants  Sex difference Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Although it is well established that the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is higher in males than females, there is relatively little understanding of the underlying mechanisms and their developmental time course. Sex-specific protective or risk factors have often been invoked to explain these differences, but such factors are yet to be identified. METHODS: We take a developmental approach, using a prospective sample of 104 infants at high and low familial risk for ASD, to characterise sex differences in infant markers known to predict emerging autism symptoms. We examine three markers previously shown to be associated with later autistic social-communication symptoms: the Autism Observation Scale for Infants (AOSI) total score, attention disengagement speed and gaze following behaviour. Our aim was to test whether sex differences were already present in these markers at 1 year of age, which would suggest sex-specific mechanisms of risk or protection. RESULTS: While no sex differences were found in any of the three markers investigated, we found sex differences in their relationship to 3-year autism traits; all three markers significantly predicted later autism traits only in the boys. CONCLUSIONS: Previously identified 'early autism markers' were associated with later autism symptoms only in boys. This suggests that there may be additional moderating risk or protective factors which remain to be identified. Our findings have important implications for prospective studies in terms of directly testing for the moderating effect of sex on emerging autistic traits. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13229-016-0081-0 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=328