5 recherche sur le mot-clé 'Prototype'

Intact prototype formation but impaired generalization in autism / A.H. FROEHLICH in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 6-2 (April-June 2012)  

Public ISBD [article]  inResearch in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 6-2 (April-June 2012) . - p.921-930 Titre : Intact prototype formation but impaired generalization in autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : A.H. FROEHLICH, Auteur ; Jeffrey S. ANDERSON, Auteur ; Erin D. BIGLER, Auteur ; J. S. MILLER, Auteur ; N. T. LANGE, Auteur ; Molly B. DUBRAY, Auteur ; Jason R. COOPERRIDER, Auteur ; Annahir N. CARIELLO, Auteur ; J. A. NIELSEN, Auteur ; Janet E. LAINHART, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : p.921-930 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Prototype  Autism  Categorization  Recognition  Generalization  fMRI Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Cognitive processing in autism has been characterized by a difficulty with the abstraction of information across multiple stimuli or situations and subsequent generalization to new stimuli or situations. This apparent difficulty leads to the suggestion that prototype formation, a process of creating a mental summary representation of multiple experienced stimuli that go together in a category, may be impaired in autism. Adults with high functioning autism and a typically developing comparison group matched on age and IQ completed a random dot pattern categorization task. Participants with autism demonstrated intact prototype formation in all four ways it was operationally defined, and this performance was not significantly different from that of control participants. However, participants with autism categorized dot patterns that were more highly distorted from the category prototypes less accurately than did control participants. These findings suggest, at least within the constraints of the random dot pattern task, that although prototype formation may not be impaired in autism, difficulties may exist with the generalization of what has been learned about a category to novel stimuli, particularly as they become less similar to the category's prototype. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.12.006 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=150 [article] Intact prototype formation but impaired generalization in autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / A.H. FROEHLICH, Auteur ; Jeffrey S. ANDERSON, Auteur ; Erin D. BIGLER, Auteur ; J. S. MILLER, Auteur ; N. T. LANGE, Auteur ; Molly B. DUBRAY, Auteur ; Jason R. COOPERRIDER, Auteur ; Annahir N. CARIELLO, Auteur ; J. A. NIELSEN, Auteur ; Janet E. LAINHART, Auteur . - 2012 . - p.921-930. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders > 6-2 (April-June 2012) . - p.921-930 Mots-clés : Prototype  Autism  Categorization  Recognition  Generalization  fMRI Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Cognitive processing in autism has been characterized by a difficulty with the abstraction of information across multiple stimuli or situations and subsequent generalization to new stimuli or situations. This apparent difficulty leads to the suggestion that prototype formation, a process of creating a mental summary representation of multiple experienced stimuli that go together in a category, may be impaired in autism. Adults with high functioning autism and a typically developing comparison group matched on age and IQ completed a random dot pattern categorization task. Participants with autism demonstrated intact prototype formation in all four ways it was operationally defined, and this performance was not significantly different from that of control participants. However, participants with autism categorized dot patterns that were more highly distorted from the category prototypes less accurately than did control participants. These findings suggest, at least within the constraints of the random dot pattern task, that although prototype formation may not be impaired in autism, difficulties may exist with the generalization of what has been learned about a category to novel stimuli, particularly as they become less similar to the category's prototype. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.12.006 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=150

Can Individuals with Autism Abstract Prototypes of Natural Faces? / Holly GASTGEB in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41-12 (December 2011)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 41-12 (December 2011) . - p.1609-1618 Titre : Can Individuals with Autism Abstract Prototypes of Natural Faces? Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Holly GASTGEB, Auteur ; Desirée A. WILKINSON, Auteur ; Nancy J. MINSHEW, Auteur ; Mark S. STRAUSS, Auteur Année de publication : 2011 Article en page(s) : p.1609-1618 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Prototype  Autism  Face perception  Cognition Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There is a growing amount of evidence suggesting that individuals with autism have difficulty with face processing. One basic cognitive ability that may underlie face processing difficulties is the ability to abstract a prototype. The current study examined prototype formation with natural faces using eye-tracking in high-functioning adults with autism and matched controls. Individuals with autism were found to have significant difficulty forming prototypes of natural faces. The eye-tracking data did not reveal any between group differences in the general pattern of attention to the faces, indicating that these difficulties were not due to attentional factors. Results are consistent with previous studies that have found a deficit in prototype formation and extend these deficits to natural faces. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1190-4 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=148 [article] Can Individuals with Autism Abstract Prototypes of Natural Faces? [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Holly GASTGEB, Auteur ; Desirée A. WILKINSON, Auteur ; Nancy J. MINSHEW, Auteur ; Mark S. STRAUSS, Auteur . - 2011 . - p.1609-1618. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 41-12 (December 2011) . - p.1609-1618 Mots-clés : Prototype  Autism  Face perception  Cognition Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There is a growing amount of evidence suggesting that individuals with autism have difficulty with face processing. One basic cognitive ability that may underlie face processing difficulties is the ability to abstract a prototype. The current study examined prototype formation with natural faces using eye-tracking in high-functioning adults with autism and matched controls. Individuals with autism were found to have significant difficulty forming prototypes of natural faces. The eye-tracking data did not reveal any between group differences in the general pattern of attention to the faces, indicating that these difficulties were not due to attentional factors. Results are consistent with previous studies that have found a deficit in prototype formation and extend these deficits to natural faces. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1190-4 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=148

Category Formation in Autism: Can Individuals with Autism Form Categories and Prototypes of Dot Patterns? / Holly ZAJAC GASTGEB in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42-8 (August 2012)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 42-8 (August 2012) . - p.1694-1704 Titre : Category Formation in Autism: Can Individuals with Autism Form Categories and Prototypes of Dot Patterns? Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Holly ZAJAC GASTGEB, Auteur ; Eva M. DUNDAS, Auteur ; Nancy J. MINSHEW, Auteur ; Mark S. STRAUSS, Auteur Année de publication : 2012 Article en page(s) : p.1694-1704 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Categorization  Prototype  Autism  Cognition  Eye-tracking  Implicit Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There is a growing amount of evidence suggesting that individuals with autism have difficulty with categorization. One basic cognitive ability that may underlie this difficulty is the ability to abstract a prototype. The current study examined prototype and category formation with dot patterns in high-functioning adults with autism and matched controls. Individuals with autism were found to have difficulty forming prototypes and categories of dot patterns. The eye-tracking data did not reveal any between group differences in attention to the dot patterns. However, relationships between performance and intelligence in the autism group suggest possible processing differences between the groups. Results are consistent with previous studies that have found deficits in prototype formation and extend these deficits to dot patterns. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1411-x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=178 [article] Category Formation in Autism: Can Individuals with Autism Form Categories and Prototypes of Dot Patterns? [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Holly ZAJAC GASTGEB, Auteur ; Eva M. DUNDAS, Auteur ; Nancy J. MINSHEW, Auteur ; Mark S. STRAUSS, Auteur . - 2012 . - p.1694-1704. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 42-8 (August 2012) . - p.1694-1704 Mots-clés : Categorization  Prototype  Autism  Cognition  Eye-tracking  Implicit Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There is a growing amount of evidence suggesting that individuals with autism have difficulty with categorization. One basic cognitive ability that may underlie this difficulty is the ability to abstract a prototype. The current study examined prototype and category formation with dot patterns in high-functioning adults with autism and matched controls. Individuals with autism were found to have difficulty forming prototypes and categories of dot patterns. The eye-tracking data did not reveal any between group differences in attention to the dot patterns. However, relationships between performance and intelligence in the autism group suggest possible processing differences between the groups. Results are consistent with previous studies that have found deficits in prototype formation and extend these deficits to dot patterns. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-011-1411-x Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=178

Prototypical category learning in high-functioning autism / Tony VLADUSICH in Autism Research, 3-5 (October 2010)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 3-5 (October 2010) . - p.226-236 Titre : Prototypical category learning in high-functioning autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Tony VLADUSICH, Auteur ; Olufemi OLU-LAFE, Auteur ; Dae-Shik KIM, Auteur ; Helen TAGER-FLUSBERG, Auteur ; Stephen GROSSBERG, Auteur Année de publication : 2010 Article en page(s) : p.226-236 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : autism  category  learning  prototype  exemplar  memory  attention  vigilance  adaptive resonance theory Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : An ongoing debate in developmental cognitive neuroscience is whether individuals with autism are able to learn prototypical category representations from multiple exemplars. Prototype learning and memory were examined in a group of high-functioning autistic boys and young men, using a classic paradigm in which participants learned to classify novel dot patterns into one of two categories. Participants were trained on distorted versions of category prototypes until they reached a criterion level of performance. During transfer testing, participants were shown the training items together with three novel stimulus sets manifesting variable levels of physical distortion (low, medium, or high distortion) relative to the unseen prototypes. Two experiments were conducted, differing only in the manner in which the physical distortions were defined. In the first experiment, a subset of autistic individuals learned categories more slowly than controls, accompanied by an overall diminution in transfer-testing performance. The autism group did, however, manifest a typical pattern of performance across the testing conditions, relative to controls. In the second experiment, group means did not differ statistically in either the training or testing phases. Taken together, these data indicate that high-functioning autistic individuals do not manifest gross deficits in prototypical category learning. A theoretical discussion is given in terms of how perceptual grouping may interact with category learning. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.148 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=115 [article] Prototypical category learning in high-functioning autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Tony VLADUSICH, Auteur ; Olufemi OLU-LAFE, Auteur ; Dae-Shik KIM, Auteur ; Helen TAGER-FLUSBERG, Auteur ; Stephen GROSSBERG, Auteur . - 2010 . - p.226-236. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 3-5 (October 2010) . - p.226-236 Mots-clés : autism  category  learning  prototype  exemplar  memory  attention  vigilance  adaptive resonance theory Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : An ongoing debate in developmental cognitive neuroscience is whether individuals with autism are able to learn prototypical category representations from multiple exemplars. Prototype learning and memory were examined in a group of high-functioning autistic boys and young men, using a classic paradigm in which participants learned to classify novel dot patterns into one of two categories. Participants were trained on distorted versions of category prototypes until they reached a criterion level of performance. During transfer testing, participants were shown the training items together with three novel stimulus sets manifesting variable levels of physical distortion (low, medium, or high distortion) relative to the unseen prototypes. Two experiments were conducted, differing only in the manner in which the physical distortions were defined. In the first experiment, a subset of autistic individuals learned categories more slowly than controls, accompanied by an overall diminution in transfer-testing performance. The autism group did, however, manifest a typical pattern of performance across the testing conditions, relative to controls. In the second experiment, group means did not differ statistically in either the training or testing phases. Taken together, these data indicate that high-functioning autistic individuals do not manifest gross deficits in prototypical category learning. A theoretical discussion is given in terms of how perceptual grouping may interact with category learning. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.148 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=115

A radical change in our autism research strategy is needed: Back to prototypes / L. MOTTRON in Autism Research, 14-10 (October 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-10 (October 2021) . - p.2213-2220 Titre : A radical change in our autism research strategy is needed: Back to prototypes Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : L. MOTTRON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2213-2220 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology  Humans  Prevalence  Reproducibility of Results  Research Design  diagnostic  polythetic criteria  prototype  reliability  type 2 error Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The evolution of autism diagnosis, from its discovery to its current delineation using standardized instruments, has been paralleled by a steady increase in its prevalence and heterogeneity. In clinical settings, the diagnosis of autism is now too vague to specify the type of support required by the concerned individuals. In research, the inclusion of individuals categorically defined by over-inclusive, polythetic criteria in autism cohorts results in a population whose heterogeneity runs contrary to the advancement of scientific progress. Investigating individuals sharing only a trivial resemblance produces a large-scale type-2 error (not finding differences between autistic and dominant population) rather than detecting mechanistic differences to explain their phenotypic divergences. The dimensional approach of autism proposed to cure the disease of its categorical diagnosis is plagued by the arbitrariness of the dimensions under study. Here, we argue that an emphasis on the reliability rather than specificity of diagnostic criteria and the misuse of diagnostic instruments, which ignore the recognition of a prototype, leads to confound autism with the entire range of neurodevelopmental conditions and personality variants. We propose centering research on cohorts in which individuals are selected based on their expert judged prototypicality to advance the theoretical and practical pervasive issues pertaining to autism diagnostic thresholds. Reversing the current research strategy by giving more weight to specificity than reliability should increase our ability to discover the mechanisms of autism. LAY SUMMARY: Scientific research into the causes of autism and its mechanisms is carried out on large cohorts of people who are less and less different from the general population. This historical trend may explain the poor harvest of results obtained. Services and intervention are provided according to a diagnosis that now encompasses extremely different individuals. Last, we accept as a biological reality the constant increase over the years in the proportion of autistic people among the general population. These drifts are made possible by the attribution of a diagnosis of autism to people who meet vague criteria, rather than to people who experienced clinicians recognize as autistic. We propose to change our research strategy by focusing on the study of the latter, fewer in number, but more representative of the "prototype" of autism. To do this, it is necessary to clearly distinguish the population on which the research is carried out from that to which we provide support. People must receive services according to their needs, and not according to the clarity of their diagnosis. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2494 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=450 [article] A radical change in our autism research strategy is needed: Back to prototypes [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / L. MOTTRON, Auteur . - p.2213-2220. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-10 (October 2021) . - p.2213-2220 Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology  Humans  Prevalence  Reproducibility of Results  Research Design  diagnostic  polythetic criteria  prototype  reliability  type 2 error Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The evolution of autism diagnosis, from its discovery to its current delineation using standardized instruments, has been paralleled by a steady increase in its prevalence and heterogeneity. In clinical settings, the diagnosis of autism is now too vague to specify the type of support required by the concerned individuals. In research, the inclusion of individuals categorically defined by over-inclusive, polythetic criteria in autism cohorts results in a population whose heterogeneity runs contrary to the advancement of scientific progress. Investigating individuals sharing only a trivial resemblance produces a large-scale type-2 error (not finding differences between autistic and dominant population) rather than detecting mechanistic differences to explain their phenotypic divergences. The dimensional approach of autism proposed to cure the disease of its categorical diagnosis is plagued by the arbitrariness of the dimensions under study. Here, we argue that an emphasis on the reliability rather than specificity of diagnostic criteria and the misuse of diagnostic instruments, which ignore the recognition of a prototype, leads to confound autism with the entire range of neurodevelopmental conditions and personality variants. We propose centering research on cohorts in which individuals are selected based on their expert judged prototypicality to advance the theoretical and practical pervasive issues pertaining to autism diagnostic thresholds. Reversing the current research strategy by giving more weight to specificity than reliability should increase our ability to discover the mechanisms of autism. LAY SUMMARY: Scientific research into the causes of autism and its mechanisms is carried out on large cohorts of people who are less and less different from the general population. This historical trend may explain the poor harvest of results obtained. Services and intervention are provided according to a diagnosis that now encompasses extremely different individuals. Last, we accept as a biological reality the constant increase over the years in the proportion of autistic people among the general population. These drifts are made possible by the attribution of a diagnosis of autism to people who meet vague criteria, rather than to people who experienced clinicians recognize as autistic. We propose to change our research strategy by focusing on the study of the latter, fewer in number, but more representative of the "prototype" of autism. To do this, it is necessary to clearly distinguish the population on which the research is carried out from that to which we provide support. People must receive services according to their needs, and not according to the clarity of their diagnosis. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2494 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=450