Adults with autism spectrum disorder and the criminal justice system: An investigation of prevalence of contact with the criminal justice system, risk factors and sex differences in a specialist assessment service / Charlotte E. BLACKMORE in Autism, 26-8 (November 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism > 26-8 (November 2022) . - p.2098-2107 Titre : Adults with autism spectrum disorder and the criminal justice system: An investigation of prevalence of contact with the criminal justice system, risk factors and sex differences in a specialist assessment service Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Charlotte E. BLACKMORE, Auteur ; Emma L. WOODHOUSE, Auteur ; Nicola GILLAN, Auteur ; Ellie WILSON, Auteur ; Karen L. ASHWOOD, Auteur ; Vladimira STOENCHEVA, Auteur ; Alexandra NOLAN, Auteur ; Gráinne M. MCALONAN, Auteur ; Dene M. ROBERTSON, Auteur ; Susannah WHITWELL, Auteur ; Quinton DEELEY, Auteur ; Michael C. CRAIG, Auteur ; Janneke ZINKSTOK, Auteur ; Rob WICHERS, Auteur ; Debbie SPAIN, Auteur ; Ged ROBERTS, Auteur ; Declan GM MURPHY, Auteur ; Clodagh M. MURPHY, Auteur ; Eileen DALY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.2098-2107 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Humans  Male  Female  Autism Spectrum Disorder/epidemiology  Criminal Law  Prevalence  Sex Characteristics  Risk Factors  autism spectrum disorders  crime  criminal justice system  offending  risk factors  research, authorship and/or publication of this article. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There has been growing interest in offending and contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) by people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is not clear whether people with ASD offend more than those without ASD. Studies have started to look at whether there are particular offences people with ASD are more likely to commit and whether there are any factors that can affect whether someone comes into contact with the CJS as a potential suspect. This study looked at the patients who attended an ASD diagnostic service over a 17-year period to see the rate of contact with the CJS of those who were diagnosed with ASD and whether there were any particular factors that might increase the risk of CJS contact. Nearly a quarter of the ASD group had some contact with the CJS as a potential suspect. Factors that seemed to increase whether someone with ASD was more likely to have contact with the CJS were being male, being diagnosed with ADHD, and being diagnosed with psychosis. This study is one of the largest studies to investigate the rate of CJS contact as a potential suspect in a sample of adults with ASD in an attempt to give a clearer picture of what might influence someone with ASD to engage in offending behaviour in order to try to see what mental health services can offer to reduce the likelihood of someone with ASD coming into contact with the CJS, for example, treatment for another condition or support. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613221081343 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=488 [article] Adults with autism spectrum disorder and the criminal justice system: An investigation of prevalence of contact with the criminal justice system, risk factors and sex differences in a specialist assessment service [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Charlotte E. BLACKMORE, Auteur ; Emma L. WOODHOUSE, Auteur ; Nicola GILLAN, Auteur ; Ellie WILSON, Auteur ; Karen L. ASHWOOD, Auteur ; Vladimira STOENCHEVA, Auteur ; Alexandra NOLAN, Auteur ; Gráinne M. MCALONAN, Auteur ; Dene M. ROBERTSON, Auteur ; Susannah WHITWELL, Auteur ; Quinton DEELEY, Auteur ; Michael C. CRAIG, Auteur ; Janneke ZINKSTOK, Auteur ; Rob WICHERS, Auteur ; Debbie SPAIN, Auteur ; Ged ROBERTS, Auteur ; Declan GM MURPHY, Auteur ; Clodagh M. MURPHY, Auteur ; Eileen DALY, Auteur . - p.2098-2107. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism > 26-8 (November 2022) . - p.2098-2107 Mots-clés : Adult  Humans  Male  Female  Autism Spectrum Disorder/epidemiology  Criminal Law  Prevalence  Sex Characteristics  Risk Factors  autism spectrum disorders  crime  criminal justice system  offending  risk factors  research, authorship and/or publication of this article. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There has been growing interest in offending and contact with the criminal justice system (CJS) by people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, it is not clear whether people with ASD offend more than those without ASD. Studies have started to look at whether there are particular offences people with ASD are more likely to commit and whether there are any factors that can affect whether someone comes into contact with the CJS as a potential suspect. This study looked at the patients who attended an ASD diagnostic service over a 17-year period to see the rate of contact with the CJS of those who were diagnosed with ASD and whether there were any particular factors that might increase the risk of CJS contact. Nearly a quarter of the ASD group had some contact with the CJS as a potential suspect. Factors that seemed to increase whether someone with ASD was more likely to have contact with the CJS were being male, being diagnosed with ADHD, and being diagnosed with psychosis. This study is one of the largest studies to investigate the rate of CJS contact as a potential suspect in a sample of adults with ASD in an attempt to give a clearer picture of what might influence someone with ASD to engage in offending behaviour in order to try to see what mental health services can offer to reduce the likelihood of someone with ASD coming into contact with the CJS, for example, treatment for another condition or support. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13623613221081343 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=488

Alpha oscillatory activity during attentional control in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and ASD+ADHD / Roser CAÑIGUERAL in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63-7 (July 2022)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 63-7 (July 2022) . - p.745-761 Titre : Alpha oscillatory activity during attentional control in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and ASD+ADHD Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Roser CAÑIGUERAL, Auteur ; Jason PALMER, Auteur ; Karen L. ASHWOOD, Auteur ; Bahar AZADI, Auteur ; Philip ASHERSON, Auteur ; Patrick F. BOLTON, Auteur ; Gráinne MCLOUGHLIN, Auteur ; Charlotte TYE, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.745-761 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Child  Executive Function/physiology  Humans  Reaction Time/physiology  Adhd  Autism Spectrum Disorder  attention  comorbidity Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) share impairments in top-down and bottom-up modulation of attention. However, it is not yet well understood if co-occurrence of ASD and ADHD reflects a distinct or additive profile of attention deficits. We aimed to characterise alpha oscillatory activity (stimulus-locked alpha desynchronisation and prestimulus alpha) as an index of integration of top-down and bottom-up attentional processes in ASD and ADHD. METHODS: Children with ASD, ADHD, comorbid ASD+ADHD, and typically-developing children completed a fixed-choice reaction-time task ('Fast task') while neurophysiological activity was recorded. Outcome measures were derived from source-decomposed neurophysiological data. Main measures of interest were prestimulus alpha power and alpha desynchronisation (difference between poststimulus and prestimulus alpha). Poststimulus activity linked to attention allocation (P1, P3), attentional control (N2), and cognitive control (theta synchronisation, 100-600?ms) was also examined. ANOVA was used to test differences across diagnostics groups on these measures. Spearman's correlations were used to investigate the relationship between attentional control processes (alpha oscillations), central executive functions (theta synchronisation), early visual processing (P1), and behavioural performance. RESULTS: Children with ADHD (ADHD and ASD+ADHD) showed attenuated alpha desynchronisation, indicating poor integration of top-down and bottom-up attentional processes. Children with ADHD showed reduced N2 and P3 amplitudes, while children with ASD (ASD and ASD+ADHD) showed greater N2 amplitude, indicating atypical attentional control and attention allocation across ASD and ADHD. In the ASD group, prestimulus alpha and theta synchronisation were negatively correlated, and alpha desynchronisation and theta synchronisation were positively correlated, suggesting an atypical association between attentional control processes and executive functions. CONCLUSIONS: ASD and ADHD are associated with disorder-specific impairments, while children with ASD+ADHD overall presented an additive profile with attentional deficits of both disorders. Importantly, these findings may inform the improvement of transdiagnostic procedures and optimisation of personalised intervention approaches. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13514 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=477 [article] Alpha oscillatory activity during attentional control in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and ASD+ADHD [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Roser CAÑIGUERAL, Auteur ; Jason PALMER, Auteur ; Karen L. ASHWOOD, Auteur ; Bahar AZADI, Auteur ; Philip ASHERSON, Auteur ; Patrick F. BOLTON, Auteur ; Gráinne MCLOUGHLIN, Auteur ; Charlotte TYE, Auteur . - p.745-761. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 63-7 (July 2022) . - p.745-761 Mots-clés : Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Child  Executive Function/physiology  Humans  Reaction Time/physiology  Adhd  Autism Spectrum Disorder  attention  comorbidity Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : BACKGROUND: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) share impairments in top-down and bottom-up modulation of attention. However, it is not yet well understood if co-occurrence of ASD and ADHD reflects a distinct or additive profile of attention deficits. We aimed to characterise alpha oscillatory activity (stimulus-locked alpha desynchronisation and prestimulus alpha) as an index of integration of top-down and bottom-up attentional processes in ASD and ADHD. METHODS: Children with ASD, ADHD, comorbid ASD+ADHD, and typically-developing children completed a fixed-choice reaction-time task ('Fast task') while neurophysiological activity was recorded. Outcome measures were derived from source-decomposed neurophysiological data. Main measures of interest were prestimulus alpha power and alpha desynchronisation (difference between poststimulus and prestimulus alpha). Poststimulus activity linked to attention allocation (P1, P3), attentional control (N2), and cognitive control (theta synchronisation, 100-600?ms) was also examined. ANOVA was used to test differences across diagnostics groups on these measures. Spearman's correlations were used to investigate the relationship between attentional control processes (alpha oscillations), central executive functions (theta synchronisation), early visual processing (P1), and behavioural performance. RESULTS: Children with ADHD (ADHD and ASD+ADHD) showed attenuated alpha desynchronisation, indicating poor integration of top-down and bottom-up attentional processes. Children with ADHD showed reduced N2 and P3 amplitudes, while children with ASD (ASD and ASD+ADHD) showed greater N2 amplitude, indicating atypical attentional control and attention allocation across ASD and ADHD. In the ASD group, prestimulus alpha and theta synchronisation were negatively correlated, and alpha desynchronisation and theta synchronisation were positively correlated, suggesting an atypical association between attentional control processes and executive functions. CONCLUSIONS: ASD and ADHD are associated with disorder-specific impairments, while children with ASD+ADHD overall presented an additive profile with attentional deficits of both disorders. Importantly, these findings may inform the improvement of transdiagnostic procedures and optimisation of personalised intervention approaches. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13514 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=477

Brief Report: Adaptive Functioning in Children with ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD / Karen L. ASHWOOD in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45-7 (July 2015)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 45-7 (July 2015) . - p.2235-2242 Titre : Brief Report: Adaptive Functioning in Children with ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Karen L. ASHWOOD, Auteur ; Charlotte TYE, Auteur ; Bahare AZADI, Auteur ; Sally CARTWRIGHT, Auteur ; Philip ASHERSON, Auteur ; Patrick BOLTON, Auteur Année de publication : 2015 Article en page(s) : p.2235-2242 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adaptive behaviour  Vineland  Autism  ADHD  Comorbidity Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occur. Children with ASD and ADHD demonstrate deficits in adaptive functioning, yet pure and comorbid groups have not been directly compared. Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS-II) data were examined in boys with ASD (n = 17), ADHD (n = 31) and ASD + ADHD (n = 38). Results demonstrated lower socialisation and composite scores and greater discrepancy between cognitive and adaptive abilities in the ASD + ADHD group compared to the ADHD-only group. Significant associations were shown between reduced adaptive functioning and autism symptoms, but not ADHD symptoms. Children with ASD + ADHD present with exacerbated impairments in adaptive functioning relative to children with ADHD, associated with ASD symptoms. Disentangling variation in adaptive skills may aid the assessment of complex cases. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2352-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=261 [article] Brief Report: Adaptive Functioning in Children with ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Karen L. ASHWOOD, Auteur ; Charlotte TYE, Auteur ; Bahare AZADI, Auteur ; Sally CARTWRIGHT, Auteur ; Philip ASHERSON, Auteur ; Patrick BOLTON, Auteur . - 2015 . - p.2235-2242. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 45-7 (July 2015) . - p.2235-2242 Mots-clés : Adaptive behaviour  Vineland  Autism  ADHD  Comorbidity Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co-occur. Children with ASD and ADHD demonstrate deficits in adaptive functioning, yet pure and comorbid groups have not been directly compared. Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS-II) data were examined in boys with ASD (n = 17), ADHD (n = 31) and ASD + ADHD (n = 38). Results demonstrated lower socialisation and composite scores and greater discrepancy between cognitive and adaptive abilities in the ASD + ADHD group compared to the ADHD-only group. Significant associations were shown between reduced adaptive functioning and autism symptoms, but not ADHD symptoms. Children with ASD + ADHD present with exacerbated impairments in adaptive functioning relative to children with ADHD, associated with ASD symptoms. Disentangling variation in adaptive skills may aid the assessment of complex cases. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2352-y Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=261

Response time variability under slow and fast-incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD / Charlotte TYE in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57-12 (December 2016)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 57-12 (December 2016) . - p.1414-1423 Titre : Response time variability under slow and fast-incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Charlotte TYE, Auteur ; Katherine A. JOHNSON, Auteur ; Simon P. KELLY, Auteur ; Philip ASHERSON, Auteur ; Jonna KUNTSI, Auteur ; Karen L. ASHWOOD, Auteur ; Bahare AZADI, Auteur ; Patrick BOLTON, Auteur ; Gráinne MCLOUGHLIN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1414-1423 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  attention deficit hyperactivity disorder  cognition  comorbidity  reaction time variability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show significant behavioural and genetic overlap. Both ADHD and ASD are characterised by poor performance on a range of cognitive tasks. In particular, increased response time variability (RTV) is a promising indicator of risk for both ADHD and ASD. However, it is not clear whether different indices of RTV and changes to RTV according to task conditions are able to discriminate between the two disorders. Methods Children with ASD (n = 19), ADHD (n = 18), ASD + ADHD (n = 29) and typically developing controls (TDC; n = 26) performed a four-choice RT task with slow-baseline and fast-incentive conditions. Performance was characterised by mean RT (MRT), standard deviation of RT (SD-RT), coefficient of variation (CV) and ex-Gaussian distribution measures of Mu, Sigma and Tau. Results In the slow-baseline condition, categorical diagnoses and trait measures converged to indicate that children with ADHD-only and ASD + ADHD demonstrated increased MRT, SD-RT, CV and Tau compared to TDC and ASD-only. Importantly, greater improvement in MRT, SD-RT and Tau was demonstrated in ADHD and ASD + ADHD from slow-baseline to fast-incentive conditions compared to TDC and ASD-only. Conclusions Slower and more variable RTs are markers of ADHD compared to ASD and typically developing controls during slow and less rewarding conditions. Energetic factors and rewards improve task performance to a greater extent in children with ADHD compared to children with ASD. These findings suggest that RTV can be distinguished in ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD based on the indices of variability used and the conditions in which they are elicited. Further work identifying neural processes underlying increased RTV is warranted, in order to elucidate disorder-specific and disorder-convergent aetiological pathways. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12608 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=297 [article] Response time variability under slow and fast-incentive conditions in children with ASD, ADHD and ASD+ADHD [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Charlotte TYE, Auteur ; Katherine A. JOHNSON, Auteur ; Simon P. KELLY, Auteur ; Philip ASHERSON, Auteur ; Jonna KUNTSI, Auteur ; Karen L. ASHWOOD, Auteur ; Bahare AZADI, Auteur ; Patrick BOLTON, Auteur ; Gráinne MCLOUGHLIN, Auteur . - p.1414-1423. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry > 57-12 (December 2016) . - p.1414-1423 Mots-clés : Autism spectrum disorder  attention deficit hyperactivity disorder  cognition  comorbidity  reaction time variability Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show significant behavioural and genetic overlap. Both ADHD and ASD are characterised by poor performance on a range of cognitive tasks. In particular, increased response time variability (RTV) is a promising indicator of risk for both ADHD and ASD. However, it is not clear whether different indices of RTV and changes to RTV according to task conditions are able to discriminate between the two disorders. Methods Children with ASD (n = 19), ADHD (n = 18), ASD + ADHD (n = 29) and typically developing controls (TDC; n = 26) performed a four-choice RT task with slow-baseline and fast-incentive conditions. Performance was characterised by mean RT (MRT), standard deviation of RT (SD-RT), coefficient of variation (CV) and ex-Gaussian distribution measures of Mu, Sigma and Tau. Results In the slow-baseline condition, categorical diagnoses and trait measures converged to indicate that children with ADHD-only and ASD + ADHD demonstrated increased MRT, SD-RT, CV and Tau compared to TDC and ASD-only. Importantly, greater improvement in MRT, SD-RT and Tau was demonstrated in ADHD and ASD + ADHD from slow-baseline to fast-incentive conditions compared to TDC and ASD-only. Conclusions Slower and more variable RTs are markers of ADHD compared to ASD and typically developing controls during slow and less rewarding conditions. Energetic factors and rewards improve task performance to a greater extent in children with ADHD compared to children with ASD. These findings suggest that RTV can be distinguished in ASD, ADHD and ASD + ADHD based on the indices of variability used and the conditions in which they are elicited. Further work identifying neural processes underlying increased RTV is warranted, in order to elucidate disorder-specific and disorder-convergent aetiological pathways. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12608 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=297

Resting-State Neurophysiological Activity Patterns in Young People with ASD, ADHD, and ASD + ADHD / E. SHEPHARD in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48-1 (January 2018)  

Public ISBD [article]  inJournal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 48-1 (January 2018) . - p.110-122 Titre : Resting-State Neurophysiological Activity Patterns in Young People with ASD, ADHD, and ASD + ADHD Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : E. SHEPHARD, Auteur ; C. TYE, Auteur ; Karen L. ASHWOOD, Auteur ; Bahare AZADI, Auteur ; Philip ASHERSON, Auteur ; Patrick BOLTON, Auteur ; G. MCLOUGHLIN, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.110-122 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adhd  Asd  Co-occurring ASD + ADHD  Eeg  Resting-state  Spectral power Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Altered power of resting-state neurophysiological activity has been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which commonly co-occur. We compared resting-state neurophysiological power in children with ASD, ADHD, co-occurring ASD + ADHD, and typically developing controls. Children with ASD (ASD/ASD + ADHD) showed reduced theta and alpha power compared to children without ASD (controls/ADHD). Children with ADHD (ADHD/ASD + ADHD) displayed decreased delta power compared to children without ADHD (ASD/controls). Children with ASD + ADHD largely presented as an additive co-occurrence with deficits of both disorders, although reduced theta compared to ADHD-only and reduced delta compared to controls suggested some unique markers. Identifying specific neurophysiological profiles in ASD and ADHD may assist in characterising more homogeneous subgroups to inform treatment approaches and aetiological investigations. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3300-4 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=336 [article] Resting-State Neurophysiological Activity Patterns in Young People with ASD, ADHD, and ASD + ADHD [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / E. SHEPHARD, Auteur ; C. TYE, Auteur ; Karen L. ASHWOOD, Auteur ; Bahare AZADI, Auteur ; Philip ASHERSON, Auteur ; Patrick BOLTON, Auteur ; G. MCLOUGHLIN, Auteur . - p.110-122. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders > 48-1 (January 2018) . - p.110-122 Mots-clés : Adhd  Asd  Co-occurring ASD + ADHD  Eeg  Resting-state  Spectral power Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Altered power of resting-state neurophysiological activity has been associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which commonly co-occur. We compared resting-state neurophysiological power in children with ASD, ADHD, co-occurring ASD + ADHD, and typically developing controls. Children with ASD (ASD/ASD + ADHD) showed reduced theta and alpha power compared to children without ASD (controls/ADHD). Children with ADHD (ADHD/ASD + ADHD) displayed decreased delta power compared to children without ADHD (ASD/controls). Children with ASD + ADHD largely presented as an additive co-occurrence with deficits of both disorders, although reduced theta compared to ADHD-only and reduced delta compared to controls suggested some unique markers. Identifying specific neurophysiological profiles in ASD and ADHD may assist in characterising more homogeneous subgroups to inform treatment approaches and aetiological investigations. En ligne : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3300-4 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=336

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