Dépouillements

A lost generation? The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on early career ASD researchers / C. HARROP in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1078-1087 Titre : A lost generation? The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on early career ASD researchers Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : C. HARROP, Auteur ; Vanessa H. BAL, Auteur ; Kimberly L. H. CARPENTER, Auteur ; Alycia K. HALLADAY, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1078-1087 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Biomedical Research/organization & administration/trends  Covid-19  Career Mobility  Efficiency  Humans  Mental Health/statistics & numerical data  Pandemics  Research Personnel/economics/education/psychology  autism research  early career researchers Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted autism research and services. Early career researchers (ECRs) are particularly vulnerable to the impact of the pandemic on job security and career development. The goal of this study was to capture the challenges ECRs are facing during the pandemic and the supports that are needed for career development and research. ECRs were invited to complete an online survey that focused on four major areas; the impact of COVID-19 on their research; changes in productivity due to COVID-19; changes to training due to COVID-19; and current mental health. 150 ECRs were eligible and provided sufficient data for inclusion. All but one ECRs reported their research had been negatively impacted by the pandemic. Reductions in productivity were reported by 85% of ECRs. The biggest impacts included recruitment of participants, increased needs at home and personal mental health. ECRs reported a 3-fold increase in burnout, as well as increased anxiety. ECR supports, such as funding, flexibility, and tenure extensions, are required to ensure ASD research does not suffer from a "lost generation" of researchers. LAY SUMMARY: The COVID-19 pandemic has had negative impacts on research around the world. Loss of productivity impedes autism research discoveries. However, researchers in the earliest phases of their career, specifically postdoctoral fellows through individuals in assistant professor (or equivalent) positions, are particularly vulnerable to long-lasting effects of pandemic-related disruptions which may limit their ability to continue as autism researchers. This survey highlights the needs of this group and identifies mechanisms by which these early career researchers may be supported in this time. This is critical to ensure the next generation of ASD researchers and clinician scientists continue on the path to advancing understanding of autism in the decades to come. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2503 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] A lost generation? The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on early career ASD researchers [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / C. HARROP, Auteur ; Vanessa H. BAL, Auteur ; Kimberly L. H. CARPENTER, Auteur ; Alycia K. HALLADAY, Auteur . - p.1078-1087. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1078-1087 Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Biomedical Research/organization & administration/trends  Covid-19  Career Mobility  Efficiency  Humans  Mental Health/statistics & numerical data  Pandemics  Research Personnel/economics/education/psychology  autism research  early career researchers Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted autism research and services. Early career researchers (ECRs) are particularly vulnerable to the impact of the pandemic on job security and career development. The goal of this study was to capture the challenges ECRs are facing during the pandemic and the supports that are needed for career development and research. ECRs were invited to complete an online survey that focused on four major areas; the impact of COVID-19 on their research; changes in productivity due to COVID-19; changes to training due to COVID-19; and current mental health. 150 ECRs were eligible and provided sufficient data for inclusion. All but one ECRs reported their research had been negatively impacted by the pandemic. Reductions in productivity were reported by 85% of ECRs. The biggest impacts included recruitment of participants, increased needs at home and personal mental health. ECRs reported a 3-fold increase in burnout, as well as increased anxiety. ECR supports, such as funding, flexibility, and tenure extensions, are required to ensure ASD research does not suffer from a "lost generation" of researchers. LAY SUMMARY: The COVID-19 pandemic has had negative impacts on research around the world. Loss of productivity impedes autism research discoveries. However, researchers in the earliest phases of their career, specifically postdoctoral fellows through individuals in assistant professor (or equivalent) positions, are particularly vulnerable to long-lasting effects of pandemic-related disruptions which may limit their ability to continue as autism researchers. This survey highlights the needs of this group and identifies mechanisms by which these early career researchers may be supported in this time. This is critical to ensure the next generation of ASD researchers and clinician scientists continue on the path to advancing understanding of autism in the decades to come. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2503 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

PLXNA2 and LRRC40 as candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder / J. PIJUAN in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1088-1100 Titre : PLXNA2 and LRRC40 as candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : J. PIJUAN, Auteur ; J. D. ORTIGOZA-ESCOBAR, Auteur ; J. ORTIZ, Auteur ; A. ALCALÁ, Auteur ; M. J. CALVO, Auteur ; M. CUBELLS, Auteur ; C. HERNANDO-DAVALILLO, Auteur ; F. PALAU, Auteur ; J. HOENICKA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1088-1100 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics  Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics  DNA Copy Number Variations  Exome  Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics  Humans  Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics  Receptors, Cell Surface  Lrrc40  Plxna2  autism spectrum disorder  diagnosis  neurodevelopmental disorders Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disability with high heritability yet the genetic etiology remains elusive. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate new genotype-phenotype relationships for ASD to improve both the etiological knowledge and diagnosis. In this work, a copy-number variant and whole-exome sequencing analysis were performed in an ASD patient with a complex neurobehavioral phenotype with epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We identified rare recessive single nucleotide variants in the two genes, PLXNA2 encoding Plexin A2 that participates in neurodevelopment, and LRRC40, which encodes Leucine-rich repeat containing protein 40, a protein of unknown function. PLXNA2 showed the heterozygous missense variants c.614G>A (p.Arg205Gln) and c.4904G>A (p.Arg1635Gln) while LRRC40 presented the homozygous missense variant c.1461G>T (p.Leu487Phe). In silico analysis predicted that these variants could be pathogenic. We studied PLXNA2 and LRRC40 mRNA and proteins in fibroblasts from the patient and controls. We observed a significant PlxnA2 subcellular delocalization and very low levels of LRRC40 in the patient. Moreover, we found a novel interaction between PlxnA2 and LRRC40 suggesting that participate in a common neural pathway. This interaction was significant decreased in the patient's fibroblasts. In conclusion, our results identified PLXNA2 and LRRC40 genes as candidates in ASD providing novel clues for the pathogenesis. Further attention to these genes is warranted in genetic studies of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly ASD. LAY SUMMARY: Genomics is improving the knowledge and diagnosis of patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) yet the genetic etiology remains elusive. Here, using genomic analysis together with experimental functional studies, we identified in an ASD complex patient the PLXNA2 and LRRC40 recessive genes as ASD candidates. Furthermore, we found that the proteins of these genes interact in a common neural network. Therefore, more attention to these genes is warranted in genetic studies of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2502 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] PLXNA2 and LRRC40 as candidate genes in autism spectrum disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / J. PIJUAN, Auteur ; J. D. ORTIGOZA-ESCOBAR, Auteur ; J. ORTIZ, Auteur ; A. ALCALÁ, Auteur ; M. J. CALVO, Auteur ; M. CUBELLS, Auteur ; C. HERNANDO-DAVALILLO, Auteur ; F. PALAU, Auteur ; J. HOENICKA, Auteur . - p.1088-1100. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1088-1100 Mots-clés : Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/genetics  Autism Spectrum Disorder/genetics  DNA Copy Number Variations  Exome  Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics  Humans  Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics  Receptors, Cell Surface  Lrrc40  Plxna2  autism spectrum disorder  diagnosis  neurodevelopmental disorders Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disability with high heritability yet the genetic etiology remains elusive. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate new genotype-phenotype relationships for ASD to improve both the etiological knowledge and diagnosis. In this work, a copy-number variant and whole-exome sequencing analysis were performed in an ASD patient with a complex neurobehavioral phenotype with epilepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We identified rare recessive single nucleotide variants in the two genes, PLXNA2 encoding Plexin A2 that participates in neurodevelopment, and LRRC40, which encodes Leucine-rich repeat containing protein 40, a protein of unknown function. PLXNA2 showed the heterozygous missense variants c.614G>A (p.Arg205Gln) and c.4904G>A (p.Arg1635Gln) while LRRC40 presented the homozygous missense variant c.1461G>T (p.Leu487Phe). In silico analysis predicted that these variants could be pathogenic. We studied PLXNA2 and LRRC40 mRNA and proteins in fibroblasts from the patient and controls. We observed a significant PlxnA2 subcellular delocalization and very low levels of LRRC40 in the patient. Moreover, we found a novel interaction between PlxnA2 and LRRC40 suggesting that participate in a common neural pathway. This interaction was significant decreased in the patient's fibroblasts. In conclusion, our results identified PLXNA2 and LRRC40 genes as candidates in ASD providing novel clues for the pathogenesis. Further attention to these genes is warranted in genetic studies of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly ASD. LAY SUMMARY: Genomics is improving the knowledge and diagnosis of patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) yet the genetic etiology remains elusive. Here, using genomic analysis together with experimental functional studies, we identified in an ASD complex patient the PLXNA2 and LRRC40 recessive genes as ASD candidates. Furthermore, we found that the proteins of these genes interact in a common neural network. Therefore, more attention to these genes is warranted in genetic studies of patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2502 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Children with autism spectrum disorder show altered functional connectivity and abnormal maturation trajectories in response to inverted faces / F. MAMASHLI in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1101-1114 Titre : Children with autism spectrum disorder show altered functional connectivity and abnormal maturation trajectories in response to inverted faces Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : F. MAMASHLI, Auteur ; N. KOZHEMIAKO, Auteur ; S. KHAN, Auteur ; A. S. NUNES, Auteur ; N. M. MCGUIGGAN, Auteur ; A. LOSH, Auteur ; R. M. JOSEPH, Auteur ; Jyrki AHVENINEN, Auteur ; S. M. DOESBURG, Auteur ; M. S. HÄMÄLÄINEN, Auteur ; T. KENET, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1101-1114 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnostic imaging  Child  Gamma Rhythm  Humans  Magnetic Resonance Imaging  Magnetoencephalography  Prefrontal Cortex  autism spectrum disorder  functional connectivity  inverted faces  phase-amplitude coupling Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The processing of information conveyed by faces is a critical component of social communication. While the neurophysiology of processing upright faces has been studied extensively in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), less is known about the neurophysiological abnormalities associated with processing inverted faces in ASD. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study both long-range and local functional connectivity, with the latter assessed using local cross-frequency coupling, in response to inverted faces stimuli, in 7-18?years old individuals with ASD and age and IQ matched typically developing (TD) individuals. We found abnormally reduced coupling between the phase of the alpha rhythm and the amplitude of the gamma rhythm in the fusiform face area (FFA) in response to inverted faces, as well as reduced long-range functional connectivity between the FFA and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in response to inverted faces in the ASD group. These group differences were absent in response to upright faces. The magnitude of functional connectivity between the FFA and the IFG was significantly correlated with the severity of ASD, and FFA-IFG long-range functional connectivity increased with age in TD group, but not in the ASD group. Our findings suggest that both local and long-range functional connectivity are abnormally reduced in children with ASD when processing inverted faces, and that the pattern of abnormalities associated with the processing of inverted faces differs from the pattern of upright faces in ASD, likely due to the presumed greater reliance on top-down regulations necessary for efficient processing of inverted faces. LAY SUMMARY: We found alterations in the neurophysiological responses to inverted faces in children with ASD, that were not reflected in the evoked responses, and were not observed in the responses to upright faces. These alterations included reduced local functional connectivity in the fusiform face area (FFA), and decreased long-range alpha-band modulated functional connectivity between the FFA and the left IFG. The magnitude of long-range functional connectivity between the FFA and the inferior frontal gyrus was correlated with the severity of ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2497 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Children with autism spectrum disorder show altered functional connectivity and abnormal maturation trajectories in response to inverted faces [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / F. MAMASHLI, Auteur ; N. KOZHEMIAKO, Auteur ; S. KHAN, Auteur ; A. S. NUNES, Auteur ; N. M. MCGUIGGAN, Auteur ; A. LOSH, Auteur ; R. M. JOSEPH, Auteur ; Jyrki AHVENINEN, Auteur ; S. M. DOESBURG, Auteur ; M. S. HÄMÄLÄINEN, Auteur ; T. KENET, Auteur . - p.1101-1114. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1101-1114 Mots-clés : Adolescent  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnostic imaging  Child  Gamma Rhythm  Humans  Magnetic Resonance Imaging  Magnetoencephalography  Prefrontal Cortex  autism spectrum disorder  functional connectivity  inverted faces  phase-amplitude coupling Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The processing of information conveyed by faces is a critical component of social communication. While the neurophysiology of processing upright faces has been studied extensively in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), less is known about the neurophysiological abnormalities associated with processing inverted faces in ASD. We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study both long-range and local functional connectivity, with the latter assessed using local cross-frequency coupling, in response to inverted faces stimuli, in 7-18?years old individuals with ASD and age and IQ matched typically developing (TD) individuals. We found abnormally reduced coupling between the phase of the alpha rhythm and the amplitude of the gamma rhythm in the fusiform face area (FFA) in response to inverted faces, as well as reduced long-range functional connectivity between the FFA and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in response to inverted faces in the ASD group. These group differences were absent in response to upright faces. The magnitude of functional connectivity between the FFA and the IFG was significantly correlated with the severity of ASD, and FFA-IFG long-range functional connectivity increased with age in TD group, but not in the ASD group. Our findings suggest that both local and long-range functional connectivity are abnormally reduced in children with ASD when processing inverted faces, and that the pattern of abnormalities associated with the processing of inverted faces differs from the pattern of upright faces in ASD, likely due to the presumed greater reliance on top-down regulations necessary for efficient processing of inverted faces. LAY SUMMARY: We found alterations in the neurophysiological responses to inverted faces in children with ASD, that were not reflected in the evoked responses, and were not observed in the responses to upright faces. These alterations included reduced local functional connectivity in the fusiform face area (FFA), and decreased long-range alpha-band modulated functional connectivity between the FFA and the left IFG. The magnitude of long-range functional connectivity between the FFA and the inferior frontal gyrus was correlated with the severity of ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2497 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Sex differentiation of brain structures in autism: Findings from a gray matter asymmetry study / Z. DENG in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1115-1126 Titre : Sex differentiation of brain structures in autism: Findings from a gray matter asymmetry study Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Z. DENG, Auteur ; S. WANG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1115-1126 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnostic imaging  Autistic Disorder/diagnostic imaging  Brain/diagnostic imaging  Female  Gray Matter/diagnostic imaging  Humans  Magnetic Resonance Imaging  Male  Sex Differentiation  Mri  autism  brain  gray matter  gray matter asymmetry  sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed much more often in males than females. This male predominance has prompted a number of studies to examine how sex differences are related to the neural expression of ASD. Different theories, such as the "extreme male brain" theory, the "female protective effect" (FPE) theory, and the gender incoherence (GI) theory, provide different explanations for the mixed findings of sex-related neural expression of ASD. This study sought to clarify whether either theory applies to the brain structure in individuals with ASD by analyzing a selective high-quality data subset from an open data resource (Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange I and II) including 35 males/35 females with ASD and 86 male/86 female typical-controls (TCs). We examined the sex-related changes in ASD in gray matter asymmetry measures (i.e., asymmetry index, AI) derived from voxel-based morphometry using a 2 (diagnosis: ASD vs. TC)?× ?2 (sex: female vs. male) factorial design. A diagnosis-by-sex interaction effect was identified in the planum temporale/Heschl's gyrus: (i) compared to females, males exhibited decreased AI (indicating more leftward brain asymmetry) in the TC group, whereas AI was greater (indicating less leftward brain asymmetry) for males than for females in the ASD group; and (ii) females with ASD showed reduced AI (indicating more leftward brain asymmetry) compared to female TCs, whereas there were no differences between ASDs and TCs in the male group. This interaction pattern supports the FPE theory in showing greater brain structure changes (masculinization) in females with ASD. LAY SUMMARY: To understand the neural mechanisms underlying male predominance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we investigated the sex differences in ASD-related alterations in brain asymmetry. We found greater changes in females with ASD compared with males with ASD, revealing a female protective effect. These findings provide novel insights into the neurobiology of sex differences in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2506 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Sex differentiation of brain structures in autism: Findings from a gray matter asymmetry study [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Z. DENG, Auteur ; S. WANG, Auteur . - p.1115-1126. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1115-1126 Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnostic imaging  Autistic Disorder/diagnostic imaging  Brain/diagnostic imaging  Female  Gray Matter/diagnostic imaging  Humans  Magnetic Resonance Imaging  Male  Sex Differentiation  Mri  autism  brain  gray matter  gray matter asymmetry  sex differences Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is diagnosed much more often in males than females. This male predominance has prompted a number of studies to examine how sex differences are related to the neural expression of ASD. Different theories, such as the "extreme male brain" theory, the "female protective effect" (FPE) theory, and the gender incoherence (GI) theory, provide different explanations for the mixed findings of sex-related neural expression of ASD. This study sought to clarify whether either theory applies to the brain structure in individuals with ASD by analyzing a selective high-quality data subset from an open data resource (Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange I and II) including 35 males/35 females with ASD and 86 male/86 female typical-controls (TCs). We examined the sex-related changes in ASD in gray matter asymmetry measures (i.e., asymmetry index, AI) derived from voxel-based morphometry using a 2 (diagnosis: ASD vs. TC)?× ?2 (sex: female vs. male) factorial design. A diagnosis-by-sex interaction effect was identified in the planum temporale/Heschl's gyrus: (i) compared to females, males exhibited decreased AI (indicating more leftward brain asymmetry) in the TC group, whereas AI was greater (indicating less leftward brain asymmetry) for males than for females in the ASD group; and (ii) females with ASD showed reduced AI (indicating more leftward brain asymmetry) compared to female TCs, whereas there were no differences between ASDs and TCs in the male group. This interaction pattern supports the FPE theory in showing greater brain structure changes (masculinization) in females with ASD. LAY SUMMARY: To understand the neural mechanisms underlying male predominance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we investigated the sex differences in ASD-related alterations in brain asymmetry. We found greater changes in females with ASD compared with males with ASD, revealing a female protective effect. These findings provide novel insights into the neurobiology of sex differences in ASD. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2506 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Enhanced Memory for Vocal Melodies in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Williams Syndrome / M. W. WEISS in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1127-1133 Titre : Enhanced Memory for Vocal Melodies in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Williams Syndrome Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : M. W. WEISS, Auteur ; M. SHARDA, Auteur ; M. LENSE, Auteur ; K. L. HYDE, Auteur ; S. E. TREHUB, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1127-1133 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent  Adult  Auditory Perception  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications  Child  Humans  Music  Voice  Williams Syndrome/complications  Williams syndrome  autism  memory  vocalization Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Adults and children with typical development (TD) remember vocal melodies (without lyrics) better than instrumental melodies, which is attributed to the biological and social significance of human vocalizations. Here we asked whether children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who have persistent difficulties with communication and social interaction, and adolescents and adults with Williams syndrome (WS), who are highly sociable, even indiscriminately friendly, exhibit a memory advantage for vocal melodies like that observed in individuals with TD. We tested 26 children with ASD, 26 adolescents and adults with WS of similar mental age, and 26 children with TD on their memory for vocal and instrumental (piano, marimba) melodies. After exposing them to 12 unfamiliar folk melodies with different timbres, we required them to indicate whether each of 24 melodies (half heard previously) was old (heard before) or new (not heard before) during an unexpected recognition test. Although the groups successfully distinguished the old from the new melodies, they differed in overall memory. Nevertheless, they exhibited a comparable advantage for vocal melodies. In short, individuals with ASD and WS show enhanced processing of socially significant auditory signals in the context of music. LAY SUMMARY: Typically developing children and adults remember vocal melodies better than instrumental melodies. In this study, we found that children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, who have severe social processing deficits, and children and adults with Williams syndrome, who are highly sociable, exhibit comparable memory advantages for vocal melodies. The results have implications for musical interventions with these populations. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2462 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Enhanced Memory for Vocal Melodies in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Williams Syndrome [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / M. W. WEISS, Auteur ; M. SHARDA, Auteur ; M. LENSE, Auteur ; K. L. HYDE, Auteur ; S. E. TREHUB, Auteur . - p.1127-1133. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1127-1133 Mots-clés : Adolescent  Adult  Auditory Perception  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications  Child  Humans  Music  Voice  Williams Syndrome/complications  Williams syndrome  autism  memory  vocalization Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Adults and children with typical development (TD) remember vocal melodies (without lyrics) better than instrumental melodies, which is attributed to the biological and social significance of human vocalizations. Here we asked whether children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who have persistent difficulties with communication and social interaction, and adolescents and adults with Williams syndrome (WS), who are highly sociable, even indiscriminately friendly, exhibit a memory advantage for vocal melodies like that observed in individuals with TD. We tested 26 children with ASD, 26 adolescents and adults with WS of similar mental age, and 26 children with TD on their memory for vocal and instrumental (piano, marimba) melodies. After exposing them to 12 unfamiliar folk melodies with different timbres, we required them to indicate whether each of 24 melodies (half heard previously) was old (heard before) or new (not heard before) during an unexpected recognition test. Although the groups successfully distinguished the old from the new melodies, they differed in overall memory. Nevertheless, they exhibited a comparable advantage for vocal melodies. In short, individuals with ASD and WS show enhanced processing of socially significant auditory signals in the context of music. LAY SUMMARY: Typically developing children and adults remember vocal melodies better than instrumental melodies. In this study, we found that children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, who have severe social processing deficits, and children and adults with Williams syndrome, who are highly sociable, exhibit comparable memory advantages for vocal melodies. The results have implications for musical interventions with these populations. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2462 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Priors Bias Perceptual Decisions in Autism, But Are Less Flexibly Adjusted to the Context / L. A. SAPEY-TRIOMPHE in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1134-1146 Titre : Priors Bias Perceptual Decisions in Autism, But Are Less Flexibly Adjusted to the Context Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : L. A. SAPEY-TRIOMPHE, Auteur ; L. TIMMERMANS, Auteur ; J. WAGEMANS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1134-1146 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications  Autistic Disorder  Humans  Learning  Reproducibility of Results  Visual Perception  autism  contraction bias  inflexibility  learning  predictive coding  prior  time-order effect Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : According to the predictive coding framework, percepts emerge from combinations of sensory input and prior knowledge, whose relative contributions depend on their reliability. Recent predictive coding theories suggest that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) could be characterized by an atypical weighting of priors. Here, we assessed whether individuals with ASD can flexibly adjust the weight (precision) of the prior to the context. Thirty-one neurotypical adults (NT) and 26 adults with ASD participated in a visual discrimination task designed to elicit a time-order effect (TOE). The TOE reflects the integration of priors with sensory estimates. We used two experimental contexts: a narrow stimulus range (Narrow condition) and a broader range (Broad condition) in order to induce a prior with a higher and lower precision, respectively. Both groups learned a prior that biased their perception, as shown with the TOE. As expected, the NT group had a larger TOE in the Narrow condition than in the Broad condition, revealing a contextual adjustment of the prior precision. In contrast, ASD participants were more inflexible: the extent of the TOE was not modulated by the context. In addition, the accuracy increased when the stimulus range decreased in both group, which may be interpreted as a contextual adjustment of the sensory precision. To conclude, adults with and without ASD implicitly learned a prior mean, but ASD participants failed to flexibly adjust the prior precision to the context. This increased inflexibility in ASD could account for many symptoms, such as their intolerance of uncertainty. LAY SUMMARY: Based on our experience, we have expectations about our environment. Theories suggest that the symptoms encountered in autism could be due to atypical expectations, leading to an impression of an unpredictable world. Using a visual discrimination task, we showed that adults with and without autism were biased by their expectations. Yet, the extent to which expectations biased perception did not depend on the context in autism. This higher inflexibility found in autism may explain symptoms such as resistance to change. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2452 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Priors Bias Perceptual Decisions in Autism, But Are Less Flexibly Adjusted to the Context [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / L. A. SAPEY-TRIOMPHE, Auteur ; L. TIMMERMANS, Auteur ; J. WAGEMANS, Auteur . - p.1134-1146. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1134-1146 Mots-clés : Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications  Autistic Disorder  Humans  Learning  Reproducibility of Results  Visual Perception  autism  contraction bias  inflexibility  learning  predictive coding  prior  time-order effect Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : According to the predictive coding framework, percepts emerge from combinations of sensory input and prior knowledge, whose relative contributions depend on their reliability. Recent predictive coding theories suggest that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) could be characterized by an atypical weighting of priors. Here, we assessed whether individuals with ASD can flexibly adjust the weight (precision) of the prior to the context. Thirty-one neurotypical adults (NT) and 26 adults with ASD participated in a visual discrimination task designed to elicit a time-order effect (TOE). The TOE reflects the integration of priors with sensory estimates. We used two experimental contexts: a narrow stimulus range (Narrow condition) and a broader range (Broad condition) in order to induce a prior with a higher and lower precision, respectively. Both groups learned a prior that biased their perception, as shown with the TOE. As expected, the NT group had a larger TOE in the Narrow condition than in the Broad condition, revealing a contextual adjustment of the prior precision. In contrast, ASD participants were more inflexible: the extent of the TOE was not modulated by the context. In addition, the accuracy increased when the stimulus range decreased in both group, which may be interpreted as a contextual adjustment of the sensory precision. To conclude, adults with and without ASD implicitly learned a prior mean, but ASD participants failed to flexibly adjust the prior precision to the context. This increased inflexibility in ASD could account for many symptoms, such as their intolerance of uncertainty. LAY SUMMARY: Based on our experience, we have expectations about our environment. Theories suggest that the symptoms encountered in autism could be due to atypical expectations, leading to an impression of an unpredictable world. Using a visual discrimination task, we showed that adults with and without autism were biased by their expectations. Yet, the extent to which expectations biased perception did not depend on the context in autism. This higher inflexibility found in autism may explain symptoms such as resistance to change. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2452 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Competing Perceptual Salience in a Visual Word Recognition Task Differentially Affects Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder / Courtney E. VENKER in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1147-1162 Titre : Competing Perceptual Salience in a Visual Word Recognition Task Differentially Affects Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Courtney E. VENKER, Auteur ; J. MATHÉE, Auteur ; D. NEUMANN, Auteur ; J. EDWARDS, Auteur ; Jenny SAFFRAN, Auteur ; S. ELLIS WEISMER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1147-1162 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Aptitude  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Child  Child, Preschool  Humans  Infant  Language  Learning  Linguistics  attention  child  cues  information seeking behavior  language  language development Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Differences in visual attention have long been recognized as a central characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Regardless of social content, children with ASD show a strong preference for perceptual salience-how interesting (i.e., striking) certain stimuli are, based on their visual properties (e.g., color, geometric patterning). However, we do not know the extent to which attentional allocation preferences for perceptual salience persist when they compete with top-down, linguistic information. This study examined the impact of competing perceptual salience on visual word recognition in 17 children with ASD (mean age 31?months) and 17 children with typical development (mean age 20?months) matched on receptive language skills. A word recognition task presented two images on a screen, one of which was named (e.g., Find the bowl!). On Neutral trials, both images had high salience (i.e., were colorful and had geometric patterning). On Competing trials, the distracter image had high salience but the target image had low salience, creating competition between bottom-up (i.e., salience-driven) and top-down (i.e., language-driven) processes. Though both groups of children showed word recognition in an absolute sense, competing perceptual salience significantly decreased attention to the target only in the children with ASD. These findings indicate that perceptual properties of objects can disrupt attention to relevant information in children with ASD, which has implications for supporting their language development. Findings also demonstrate that perceptual salience affects attentional allocation preferences in children with ASD, even in the absence of social stimuli. LAY SUMMARY: This study found that visually striking objects distract young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from looking at relevant (but less striking) objects named by an adult. Language-matched, younger children with typical development were not significantly affected by this visual distraction. Though visual distraction could have cascading negative effects on language development in children with ASD, learning opportunities that build on children's focus of attention are likely to support positive outcomes. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2457 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Competing Perceptual Salience in a Visual Word Recognition Task Differentially Affects Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Courtney E. VENKER, Auteur ; J. MATHÉE, Auteur ; D. NEUMANN, Auteur ; J. EDWARDS, Auteur ; Jenny SAFFRAN, Auteur ; S. ELLIS WEISMER, Auteur . - p.1147-1162. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1147-1162 Mots-clés : Aptitude  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Child  Child, Preschool  Humans  Infant  Language  Learning  Linguistics  attention  child  cues  information seeking behavior  language  language development Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Differences in visual attention have long been recognized as a central characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Regardless of social content, children with ASD show a strong preference for perceptual salience-how interesting (i.e., striking) certain stimuli are, based on their visual properties (e.g., color, geometric patterning). However, we do not know the extent to which attentional allocation preferences for perceptual salience persist when they compete with top-down, linguistic information. This study examined the impact of competing perceptual salience on visual word recognition in 17 children with ASD (mean age 31?months) and 17 children with typical development (mean age 20?months) matched on receptive language skills. A word recognition task presented two images on a screen, one of which was named (e.g., Find the bowl!). On Neutral trials, both images had high salience (i.e., were colorful and had geometric patterning). On Competing trials, the distracter image had high salience but the target image had low salience, creating competition between bottom-up (i.e., salience-driven) and top-down (i.e., language-driven) processes. Though both groups of children showed word recognition in an absolute sense, competing perceptual salience significantly decreased attention to the target only in the children with ASD. These findings indicate that perceptual properties of objects can disrupt attention to relevant information in children with ASD, which has implications for supporting their language development. Findings also demonstrate that perceptual salience affects attentional allocation preferences in children with ASD, even in the absence of social stimuli. LAY SUMMARY: This study found that visually striking objects distract young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from looking at relevant (but less striking) objects named by an adult. Language-matched, younger children with typical development were not significantly affected by this visual distraction. Though visual distraction could have cascading negative effects on language development in children with ASD, learning opportunities that build on children's focus of attention are likely to support positive outcomes. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2457 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Executive Function Skills Are Linked to Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors: Three Correlational Meta Analyses / R. K. IVERSEN in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1163-1185 Titre : Executive Function Skills Are Linked to Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors: Three Correlational Meta Analyses Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : R. K. IVERSEN, Auteur ; C. LEWIS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1163-1185 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Child  Cognition  Executive Function  Humans  Meta-Analysis as Topic  Parents  autism  executive function  meta-analysis  restricted and repetitive behaviors  systematic review Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There is a consensus on the centrality of restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) in the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), yet the origins of these behaviors are still debated. We reconsider whether executive function (EF) accounts of RRBs should be revisited. EF deficits and high levels of RRBs are often pronounced in individuals with ASD and are also prevalent in young typically developing children. Despite this, the evidence is mixed, and there has been no systematic attempt to evaluate the relationship across studies and between task batteries. We examine recent evidence, and in three highly powered random-effects analyses (N =?2964), examine the strength of the association between RRB levels and performance on set shifting, inhibitory control, and parental-report based EF batteries. The analyses confirm significant associations between high levels of the behaviors and poor EF skills. Moreover, the associations remained stable across typical development and in individuals with ASD and across different types of EF measures. These meta-analyses consolidate recent evidence identifying that cognitive mechanisms correlate with high RRBs that are seen in individuals with ASD, as well as in typical development. We propose that the EF account may be critical for guiding future interventions in ASD research. LAY SUMMARY: Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are diagnostic criteria for Autism yet also common in typical development, and if they persist over time some can have a negative impact on learning and social acceptance. The present meta-analyses found that high levels of RRBs related to poor performance on set-shifting and inhibitory control tasks, as well as high ratings on parental report scales. Future studies should create interventions that aim to improve these skills as they may help manage challenging RRBs. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2468 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Executive Function Skills Are Linked to Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors: Three Correlational Meta Analyses [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / R. K. IVERSEN, Auteur ; C. LEWIS, Auteur . - p.1163-1185. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1163-1185 Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Child  Cognition  Executive Function  Humans  Meta-Analysis as Topic  Parents  autism  executive function  meta-analysis  restricted and repetitive behaviors  systematic review Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : There is a consensus on the centrality of restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) in the diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), yet the origins of these behaviors are still debated. We reconsider whether executive function (EF) accounts of RRBs should be revisited. EF deficits and high levels of RRBs are often pronounced in individuals with ASD and are also prevalent in young typically developing children. Despite this, the evidence is mixed, and there has been no systematic attempt to evaluate the relationship across studies and between task batteries. We examine recent evidence, and in three highly powered random-effects analyses (N =?2964), examine the strength of the association between RRB levels and performance on set shifting, inhibitory control, and parental-report based EF batteries. The analyses confirm significant associations between high levels of the behaviors and poor EF skills. Moreover, the associations remained stable across typical development and in individuals with ASD and across different types of EF measures. These meta-analyses consolidate recent evidence identifying that cognitive mechanisms correlate with high RRBs that are seen in individuals with ASD, as well as in typical development. We propose that the EF account may be critical for guiding future interventions in ASD research. LAY SUMMARY: Restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are diagnostic criteria for Autism yet also common in typical development, and if they persist over time some can have a negative impact on learning and social acceptance. The present meta-analyses found that high levels of RRBs related to poor performance on set-shifting and inhibitory control tasks, as well as high ratings on parental report scales. Future studies should create interventions that aim to improve these skills as they may help manage challenging RRBs. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2468 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Phonetic Inflexibility in Autistic Adults / M. KISSINE in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1186-1196 Titre : Phonetic Inflexibility in Autistic Adults Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : M. KISSINE, Auteur ; P. GEELHAND, Auteur ; M. PHILIPPART DE FOY, Auteur ; B. HARMEGNIES, Auteur ; G. DELIENS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1186-1196 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Acoustics  Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder/complications  Humans  Male  Phonetics  Speech  Speech Acoustics  acoustics  autism  language  phonetic compliance  phonetic inflexibility in autistic adults  prosody Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This study examined whether the atypical speech style that is frequently reported in autistic adults is underpinned by an inflexible production of phonetic targets. In a first task, 20 male autistic adults and 20 neuro-typicals had to read and produce native vowels. To assess the extent to which phonetic inflexibility is due to an overall fine-grained control of phonetic behavior or to a lack of flexibility in the realization of one's phonological repertoire, the second task asked participants to reproduce artificial vowel-like sounds. Results confirmed the presence of a greater articulatory stability in the production of native vowels in autistic adults. When instructed to imitate artificial vowel-like sounds, the autistic group did not better approximate the targets' acoustic properties relative to neuro-typicals but their performance at reproducing artificial vowels was less variable and influenced to a greater extent by the articulatory properties of their own vocalic space. These findings suggest that the greater articulatory stability observed in autistic adults arises from a lack of flexibility in the production of their own native vowels. The two phonetic tasks are devoid of any pragmatic constraint, which indicates that phonetic inflexibility in autism is partly independent of register selection. LAY SUMMARY: Autistic and neuro-typical adults took part in two tasks: one in which they produced vowels from French, their native tongue, and the other where they imitated unfamiliar vowels. Autistic adults displayed significantly less variation in their production of different French vowels. In imitating unfamiliar vowels, they were more influenced by the way they pronounce French vowels. These results suggest that the atypical speech style, frequently attested in autistic individuals, could stem from an unusually stable pronunciation of speech sounds. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2477 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Phonetic Inflexibility in Autistic Adults [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / M. KISSINE, Auteur ; P. GEELHAND, Auteur ; M. PHILIPPART DE FOY, Auteur ; B. HARMEGNIES, Auteur ; G. DELIENS, Auteur . - p.1186-1196. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1186-1196 Mots-clés : Acoustics  Adult  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder/complications  Humans  Male  Phonetics  Speech  Speech Acoustics  acoustics  autism  language  phonetic compliance  phonetic inflexibility in autistic adults  prosody Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : This study examined whether the atypical speech style that is frequently reported in autistic adults is underpinned by an inflexible production of phonetic targets. In a first task, 20 male autistic adults and 20 neuro-typicals had to read and produce native vowels. To assess the extent to which phonetic inflexibility is due to an overall fine-grained control of phonetic behavior or to a lack of flexibility in the realization of one's phonological repertoire, the second task asked participants to reproduce artificial vowel-like sounds. Results confirmed the presence of a greater articulatory stability in the production of native vowels in autistic adults. When instructed to imitate artificial vowel-like sounds, the autistic group did not better approximate the targets' acoustic properties relative to neuro-typicals but their performance at reproducing artificial vowels was less variable and influenced to a greater extent by the articulatory properties of their own vocalic space. These findings suggest that the greater articulatory stability observed in autistic adults arises from a lack of flexibility in the production of their own native vowels. The two phonetic tasks are devoid of any pragmatic constraint, which indicates that phonetic inflexibility in autism is partly independent of register selection. LAY SUMMARY: Autistic and neuro-typical adults took part in two tasks: one in which they produced vowels from French, their native tongue, and the other where they imitated unfamiliar vowels. Autistic adults displayed significantly less variation in their production of different French vowels. In imitating unfamiliar vowels, they were more influenced by the way they pronounce French vowels. These results suggest that the atypical speech style, frequently attested in autistic individuals, could stem from an unusually stable pronunciation of speech sounds. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2477 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Atypical Head Movement during Face-to-Face Interaction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder / Z. ZHAO in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1197-1208 Titre : Atypical Head Movement during Face-to-Face Interaction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Z. ZHAO, Auteur ; Z. ZHU, Auteur ; X. ZHANG, Auteur ; H. TANG, Auteur ; J. XING, Auteur ; X. HU, Auteur ; J. LU, Auteur ; Q. PENG, Auteur ; X. QU, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1197-1208 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Child  Fixation, Ocular  Head Movements  Humans  Stereotyped Behavior  autism  biomarker  eye tracking  head movement  stereotypy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The present study implemented an objective head pose tracking technique-OpenFace 2.0 to quantify the three dimensional head movement. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typical development (TD) were engaged in a structured conversation with an interlocutress while wearing an eye tracker. We computed the head movement stereotypy with multiscale entropy analysis. In addition, the head rotation range (RR) and the amount of rotation per minute (ARPM) were calculated to quantify the extent of head movement. Results demonstrated that the ASD group had significantly higher level of movement stereotypy, RR and ARPM in all the three directions of head movement. Further analyses revealed that the extent of head movement could be significantly explained by movement stereotypy, but not by the amount of visual fixation to the interlocutress. These results demonstrated the atypical head movement dynamics in children with ASD during live interaction. It is proposed that head movement might potentially provide novel objective biomarkers of ASD. LAY SUMMARY: Our study used an objective tool to quantify head movement in children with autism. Results showed that children with autism had more stereotyped and greater head movement. We suggest that head movement tracking technique be widely used in autism research. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2478 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Atypical Head Movement during Face-to-Face Interaction in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Z. ZHAO, Auteur ; Z. ZHU, Auteur ; X. ZHANG, Auteur ; H. TANG, Auteur ; J. XING, Auteur ; X. HU, Auteur ; J. LU, Auteur ; Q. PENG, Auteur ; X. QU, Auteur . - p.1197-1208. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1197-1208 Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Child  Fixation, Ocular  Head Movements  Humans  Stereotyped Behavior  autism  biomarker  eye tracking  head movement  stereotypy Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The present study implemented an objective head pose tracking technique-OpenFace 2.0 to quantify the three dimensional head movement. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typical development (TD) were engaged in a structured conversation with an interlocutress while wearing an eye tracker. We computed the head movement stereotypy with multiscale entropy analysis. In addition, the head rotation range (RR) and the amount of rotation per minute (ARPM) were calculated to quantify the extent of head movement. Results demonstrated that the ASD group had significantly higher level of movement stereotypy, RR and ARPM in all the three directions of head movement. Further analyses revealed that the extent of head movement could be significantly explained by movement stereotypy, but not by the amount of visual fixation to the interlocutress. These results demonstrated the atypical head movement dynamics in children with ASD during live interaction. It is proposed that head movement might potentially provide novel objective biomarkers of ASD. LAY SUMMARY: Our study used an objective tool to quantify head movement in children with autism. Results showed that children with autism had more stereotyped and greater head movement. We suggest that head movement tracking technique be widely used in autism research. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2478 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Early Pandemic Experiences of Autistic Adults: Predictors of Psychological Distress / Vanessa H. BAL in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1209-1219 Titre : Early Pandemic Experiences of Autistic Adults: Predictors of Psychological Distress Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : Vanessa H. BAL, Auteur ; E. WILKINSON, Auteur ; L. C. WHITE, Auteur ; J. K. LAW, Auteur ; P. FELICIANO, Auteur ; W. K. CHUNG, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1209-1219 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent  Adult  Autistic Disorder/psychology  COVID-19/epidemiology  Female  Health Surveys  Hope  Humans  Internet  Male  Pandemics  Psychological Distress  Risk Assessment  Stress, Psychological/psychology  Young Adult  COVID-19 pandemic  adults  co-morbid conditions  gender/female ASD  hope  loneliness  funding from Novartis, Roche, Pfizer, Biogen, Ipsen, LAM Therapeutics, Astellas,  Bridgebio and Quadrant Biosciences and has served on the Scientific Advisory Boards  for Sage Therapeutics, Roche, Celgene, Aeovian, Regenxbio and Takeda. Robin Kochel  has a contract with Yamo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., to consult on the design of clinical  trials for individuals with ASD. Suma Jacobs has been an investigator in multisite  treatment trials by Roche and served on an autism advisory board for Roche. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted lives around the world. Autistic adults are at higher risk for co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions and may be more prone to difficulties adapting to pandemic-related changes and social distancing mandates and coping with ongoing uncertainties. On the other hand, the pandemic may lead to greater understanding and acceptance of accommodations in the broader community that may facilitate supports for autistic adults beyond the pandemic. To learn more about their early pandemic experiences, online surveys were sent to independent adults enrolled in the Simons Powering Autism Research Knowledge (SPARK). The first survey was open from March 30 to April 19, 2020; a follow-up survey sent to original responders was open from May 27 to June 6, yielding 396 participants with data for both surveys. We found that adults who were female, younger, had prior diagnoses of a mental health condition, personal COVID-19 experience (i.e., knowing someone who had symptoms or tested positive) or less frequent hope for the future reported the greatest negative impacts. Decrease in feelings of hopefulness over time predicted greater psychological distress at T2, accounting for T1 impact and distress levels and increases in total COVID-19 impact. Less perceived benefit of online services also predicted later distress. Although there tends to be a focus on coping with negative effects of the pandemic, mental health providers may consider approaches that focus on positives, such as fostering hope and understanding factors that facilitate benefit from online services. LAY SUMMARY: Autistic adults may be at risk for psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study suggests that autistic adults who were younger, female, had a mental health diagnosis before the pandemic and knew someone who showed symptoms or tested positive for COVID-19 reported more areas negatively impacted by COVID-19 and greater difficulty coping with those effects. Decreases in hope over time were associated with greater psychological distress. Less perceived benefit from online services also predicted distress 2?months later. These results suggest important areas to further explore as we develop supports for autistic adults during the pandemic. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2480 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Early Pandemic Experiences of Autistic Adults: Predictors of Psychological Distress [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / Vanessa H. BAL, Auteur ; E. WILKINSON, Auteur ; L. C. WHITE, Auteur ; J. K. LAW, Auteur ; P. FELICIANO, Auteur ; W. K. CHUNG, Auteur . - p.1209-1219. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1209-1219 Mots-clés : Adolescent  Adult  Autistic Disorder/psychology  COVID-19/epidemiology  Female  Health Surveys  Hope  Humans  Internet  Male  Pandemics  Psychological Distress  Risk Assessment  Stress, Psychological/psychology  Young Adult  COVID-19 pandemic  adults  co-morbid conditions  gender/female ASD  hope  loneliness  funding from Novartis, Roche, Pfizer, Biogen, Ipsen, LAM Therapeutics, Astellas,  Bridgebio and Quadrant Biosciences and has served on the Scientific Advisory Boards  for Sage Therapeutics, Roche, Celgene, Aeovian, Regenxbio and Takeda. Robin Kochel  has a contract with Yamo Pharmaceuticals, Inc., to consult on the design of clinical  trials for individuals with ASD. Suma Jacobs has been an investigator in multisite  treatment trials by Roche and served on an autism advisory board for Roche. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted lives around the world. Autistic adults are at higher risk for co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions and may be more prone to difficulties adapting to pandemic-related changes and social distancing mandates and coping with ongoing uncertainties. On the other hand, the pandemic may lead to greater understanding and acceptance of accommodations in the broader community that may facilitate supports for autistic adults beyond the pandemic. To learn more about their early pandemic experiences, online surveys were sent to independent adults enrolled in the Simons Powering Autism Research Knowledge (SPARK). The first survey was open from March 30 to April 19, 2020; a follow-up survey sent to original responders was open from May 27 to June 6, yielding 396 participants with data for both surveys. We found that adults who were female, younger, had prior diagnoses of a mental health condition, personal COVID-19 experience (i.e., knowing someone who had symptoms or tested positive) or less frequent hope for the future reported the greatest negative impacts. Decrease in feelings of hopefulness over time predicted greater psychological distress at T2, accounting for T1 impact and distress levels and increases in total COVID-19 impact. Less perceived benefit of online services also predicted later distress. Although there tends to be a focus on coping with negative effects of the pandemic, mental health providers may consider approaches that focus on positives, such as fostering hope and understanding factors that facilitate benefit from online services. LAY SUMMARY: Autistic adults may be at risk for psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current study suggests that autistic adults who were younger, female, had a mental health diagnosis before the pandemic and knew someone who showed symptoms or tested positive for COVID-19 reported more areas negatively impacted by COVID-19 and greater difficulty coping with those effects. Decreases in hope over time were associated with greater psychological distress. Less perceived benefit from online services also predicted distress 2?months later. These results suggest important areas to further explore as we develop supports for autistic adults during the pandemic. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2480 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Differential Item Functioning Based on Autism Features, IQ, and Age on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) Among Youth on the Autism Spectrum / H. K. SCHILTZ in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1220-1236 Titre : Differential Item Functioning Based on Autism Features, IQ, and Age on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) Among Youth on the Autism Spectrum Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : H. K. SCHILTZ, Auteur ; B. E. MAGNUS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1220-1236 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent  Anxiety  Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications  Autistic Disorder  Child  Humans  Psychometrics  Reproducibility of Results  anxiety  autism  differential item functioning  measurement  psychometrics Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Anxiety commonly occurs among youth on the autism spectrum, yet measurement of anxiety in this population is complicated by a number of factors, including potentially overlapping symptomatology, the child's intellectual functioning, and changes in anxiety across development. Moreover, few studies have examined the psychometric properties of anxiety measures in this population, and no study to date has tested whether there are systematic differences in the measurement of anxiety, or differential item functioning (DIF), across the high degree of heterogeneity and the developmental course of autism. To test this possibility, data were combined across multiple studies using the National Database for Autism Research, an NIH-funded data repository. Parent-report on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) and Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) were used as measures of anxiety and autism features, respectively. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit of the literature standard five-factor structure. Moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA) revealed multiple items with intercept and loading DIF based on level of autism features, IQ, and age, especially for items related to social behavior. Therefore, although the measure's factor structure is consistent with that found in the general population, the SCARED may not capture differences in anxiety equivalently for all children on the spectrum and across their development. Clinicians and researchers need to be especially vigilant in measuring anxiety symptoms in children with autism by removing items flagged for DIF from the SCARED and/or by using multiple measures and informants. LAY ABSTRACT: Autistic youth often experience clinical levels of anxiety. Many tools used to measure anxiety were developed for the general population, but not for use with autistic youth. This study found that the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) measures the same five dimensions of anxiety as in the general population. Parents, however, may respond differently to questions on the SCARED based on their child's autism features, intellectual functioning, and age, which impacts our ability to accurately measure anxiety among autistic youth. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2481 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Differential Item Functioning Based on Autism Features, IQ, and Age on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) Among Youth on the Autism Spectrum [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / H. K. SCHILTZ, Auteur ; B. E. MAGNUS, Auteur . - p.1220-1236. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1220-1236 Mots-clés : Adolescent  Anxiety  Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications  Autistic Disorder  Child  Humans  Psychometrics  Reproducibility of Results  anxiety  autism  differential item functioning  measurement  psychometrics Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Anxiety commonly occurs among youth on the autism spectrum, yet measurement of anxiety in this population is complicated by a number of factors, including potentially overlapping symptomatology, the child's intellectual functioning, and changes in anxiety across development. Moreover, few studies have examined the psychometric properties of anxiety measures in this population, and no study to date has tested whether there are systematic differences in the measurement of anxiety, or differential item functioning (DIF), across the high degree of heterogeneity and the developmental course of autism. To test this possibility, data were combined across multiple studies using the National Database for Autism Research, an NIH-funded data repository. Parent-report on the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) and Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) were used as measures of anxiety and autism features, respectively. A confirmatory factor analysis indicated good fit of the literature standard five-factor structure. Moderated nonlinear factor analysis (MNLFA) revealed multiple items with intercept and loading DIF based on level of autism features, IQ, and age, especially for items related to social behavior. Therefore, although the measure's factor structure is consistent with that found in the general population, the SCARED may not capture differences in anxiety equivalently for all children on the spectrum and across their development. Clinicians and researchers need to be especially vigilant in measuring anxiety symptoms in children with autism by removing items flagged for DIF from the SCARED and/or by using multiple measures and informants. LAY ABSTRACT: Autistic youth often experience clinical levels of anxiety. Many tools used to measure anxiety were developed for the general population, but not for use with autistic youth. This study found that the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED) measures the same five dimensions of anxiety as in the general population. Parents, however, may respond differently to questions on the SCARED based on their child's autism features, intellectual functioning, and age, which impacts our ability to accurately measure anxiety among autistic youth. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2481 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

What Can Performance in the IEDS Task Tell Us About Attention Shifting in Clinical Groups? / J. M. YEARSLEY in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1237-1251 Titre : What Can Performance in the IEDS Task Tell Us About Attention Shifting in Clinical Groups? Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : J. M. YEARSLEY, Auteur ; S. B. GAIGG, Auteur ; Dermot M. BOWLER, Auteur ; M. RING, Auteur ; C. HAENSCHEL, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1237-1251 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Attention  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Executive Function  Humans  Schizophrenia  Asd  extra-dimensional shift Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The Intra-Extra-dimensional set shift task (IEDS) is a widely used test of learning and attention, believed to be sensitive to aspects of executive function. The task proceeds through a number of stages, and it is generally claimed that patterns of errors across stages can be used to discriminate between reduced attention switching and more general reductions in rates of learning. A number of papers have used the IEDS task to argue for specific attention shifting difficulties in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Schizophrenia, however, it remains unclear how well the IEDS really differentiates between reduced attention shifting and other causes of impaired performance. To address this issue, we introduce a simple computational model of performance in the IEDS task, designed to separate the competing effects of attention shifting and general learning rate. We fit the model to data from ASD and comparison individuals matched on age and IQ, as well as to data from four previous studies which used the IEDS task. Model fits do not show consistent evidence for reductions in attention shifting rates in ASD and Schizophrenia. Instead, we find performance is better explained by differences in learning rate, particularly from punishment, which we show correlates with IQ. We, therefore, argue that the IEDS task is not a good measure of attention shifting in clinical groups. LAY SUMMARY: The Intra-Extra-Dimensional Set shift task (IEDS) is often given to autistic individuals, who tend to make more errors relative to comparison groups. This higher error rate is taken to mean that autistic individuals struggle with attention control. Our computational model of the IEDS shows that the performance of ASD and some other clinical groups can be explained instead by differences in learning rate, rather than differences in attention control. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2484 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] What Can Performance in the IEDS Task Tell Us About Attention Shifting in Clinical Groups? [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / J. M. YEARSLEY, Auteur ; S. B. GAIGG, Auteur ; Dermot M. BOWLER, Auteur ; M. RING, Auteur ; C. HAENSCHEL, Auteur . - p.1237-1251. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1237-1251 Mots-clés : Attention  Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder  Executive Function  Humans  Schizophrenia  Asd  extra-dimensional shift Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The Intra-Extra-dimensional set shift task (IEDS) is a widely used test of learning and attention, believed to be sensitive to aspects of executive function. The task proceeds through a number of stages, and it is generally claimed that patterns of errors across stages can be used to discriminate between reduced attention switching and more general reductions in rates of learning. A number of papers have used the IEDS task to argue for specific attention shifting difficulties in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Schizophrenia, however, it remains unclear how well the IEDS really differentiates between reduced attention shifting and other causes of impaired performance. To address this issue, we introduce a simple computational model of performance in the IEDS task, designed to separate the competing effects of attention shifting and general learning rate. We fit the model to data from ASD and comparison individuals matched on age and IQ, as well as to data from four previous studies which used the IEDS task. Model fits do not show consistent evidence for reductions in attention shifting rates in ASD and Schizophrenia. Instead, we find performance is better explained by differences in learning rate, particularly from punishment, which we show correlates with IQ. We, therefore, argue that the IEDS task is not a good measure of attention shifting in clinical groups. LAY SUMMARY: The Intra-Extra-Dimensional Set shift task (IEDS) is often given to autistic individuals, who tend to make more errors relative to comparison groups. This higher error rate is taken to mean that autistic individuals struggle with attention control. Our computational model of the IEDS shows that the performance of ASD and some other clinical groups can be explained instead by differences in learning rate, rather than differences in attention control. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2484 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Alexithymia is related to poor social competence in autistic and nonautistic children / N. E. SCHEERER in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1252-1259 Titre : Alexithymia is related to poor social competence in autistic and nonautistic children Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : N. E. SCHEERER, Auteur ; Troy Q. BOUCHER, Auteur ; G. IAROCCI, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1252-1259 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Adolescent  Affective Symptoms/complications  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications  Autistic Disorder/complications  Child  Emotions  Humans  Social Skills  alexithymia  autism  autism spectrum disorder  emotional processing  social competence Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Alexithymia is characterized by difficulties identifying and describing one's own emotions and the emotions of others. These challenges with understanding emotions in people with alexithymia may give rise to difficulties with social interactions. Given that alexithymia frequently co-occurs with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and that both populations have difficulties with social interactions, it is of interest to determine whether alexithymia can help to parse some of the heterogeneity in social competence in autistic and nonautistic individuals. The caregivers of 241 children (6-14?years old), including 120 autistic, and 121 nonautistic, rated their child's social competence using the Multidimensional Social Competence Scale (MSCS), autism traits using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and alexithymia traits using the Children's Alexithymia Measure (CAM). Regression analyses indicated that age, IQ, sex, AQ, and CAM scores accounted for 40.2% of the variance in autistic children's, and 68.2% of the variance in nonautistic children's, parent-reported social competence. Importantly, after controlling for age, IQ, sex, and AQ scores, CAM scores alone accounted for an additional 16.2% of the variance in autistic children's, and 17.4% of the variance in nonautistic children's social competence. These results indicate that higher alexithymia traits predict lower levels of social competence, suggesting that increased difficulty in identifying and describing one's own emotions and the emotions of others is associated with poorer social competence. Furthermore, CAM scores were found to partially mediate the relationship between autistic traits and social competence, suggesting that comorbid alexithymia traits may be partially responsible for poor social competence in individuals with high autistic traits. This research contributes to the understanding of the factors associated with the development of social competence and highlights alexithymia as a potential target for identification and intervention to improve social competence. LAY SUMMARY: Alexithymia is a condition where people find it hard to think and talk about their (and others') feelings. About 50% of autistic people have alexithymia. This might be why they have social and emotional difficulties. Parents answered questions about alexithymia and social difficulties their children have. Children with more alexithymia problems had poorer social skills. Thus, alexithymia may be related to social problems faced by autistic and nonautistic children. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2485 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Alexithymia is related to poor social competence in autistic and nonautistic children [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / N. E. SCHEERER, Auteur ; Troy Q. BOUCHER, Auteur ; G. IAROCCI, Auteur . - p.1252-1259. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1252-1259 Mots-clés : Adolescent  Affective Symptoms/complications  Autism Spectrum Disorder/complications  Autistic Disorder/complications  Child  Emotions  Humans  Social Skills  alexithymia  autism  autism spectrum disorder  emotional processing  social competence Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Alexithymia is characterized by difficulties identifying and describing one's own emotions and the emotions of others. These challenges with understanding emotions in people with alexithymia may give rise to difficulties with social interactions. Given that alexithymia frequently co-occurs with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and that both populations have difficulties with social interactions, it is of interest to determine whether alexithymia can help to parse some of the heterogeneity in social competence in autistic and nonautistic individuals. The caregivers of 241 children (6-14?years old), including 120 autistic, and 121 nonautistic, rated their child's social competence using the Multidimensional Social Competence Scale (MSCS), autism traits using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), and alexithymia traits using the Children's Alexithymia Measure (CAM). Regression analyses indicated that age, IQ, sex, AQ, and CAM scores accounted for 40.2% of the variance in autistic children's, and 68.2% of the variance in nonautistic children's, parent-reported social competence. Importantly, after controlling for age, IQ, sex, and AQ scores, CAM scores alone accounted for an additional 16.2% of the variance in autistic children's, and 17.4% of the variance in nonautistic children's social competence. These results indicate that higher alexithymia traits predict lower levels of social competence, suggesting that increased difficulty in identifying and describing one's own emotions and the emotions of others is associated with poorer social competence. Furthermore, CAM scores were found to partially mediate the relationship between autistic traits and social competence, suggesting that comorbid alexithymia traits may be partially responsible for poor social competence in individuals with high autistic traits. This research contributes to the understanding of the factors associated with the development of social competence and highlights alexithymia as a potential target for identification and intervention to improve social competence. LAY SUMMARY: Alexithymia is a condition where people find it hard to think and talk about their (and others') feelings. About 50% of autistic people have alexithymia. This might be why they have social and emotional difficulties. Parents answered questions about alexithymia and social difficulties their children have. Children with more alexithymia problems had poorer social skills. Thus, alexithymia may be related to social problems faced by autistic and nonautistic children. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2485 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Examining factors related to the age of diagnosis of children with autism spectrum disorder from immigrant and non-immigrant backgrounds in a diverse clinical sample / S. B. VANEGAS in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1260-1270 Titre : Examining factors related to the age of diagnosis of children with autism spectrum disorder from immigrant and non-immigrant backgrounds in a diverse clinical sample Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : S. B. VANEGAS, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1260-1270 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Aged  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Child  Emigrants and Immigrants  Ethnicity  Female  Humans  Minority Groups  Prevalence  Retrospective Studies  autism  diagnosis  immigration  multilingual  racial/ethnic minority Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : A timely diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is important for children as that may help inform the best services and supports needed for optimal outcomes. However, disparities in the identification of ASD have been consistently documented for racial/ethnic minority and immigrant populations. The majority of studies of immigrant populations have focused on the qualitative experience of ASD, however, greater knowledge about the predictors of the age of initial ASD diagnosis is needed. This study examined the child, maternal, and family-level factors that predicted the age of initial ASD diagnosis in a diverse clinical sample through a retrospective medical record review. Medical records of clinical evaluations conducted between 2004 and 2014 were reviewed for children with ASD born to immigrant and non-immigrant mothers. Regression analyses found that for both groups of children with ASD, using verbal language to communicate and having another diagnosis (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or another condition) predicted an older age of initial ASD diagnosis. For children with ASD born to immigrant mothers, residing in a multilingual household was associated with a younger age of diagnosis. These results highlight the complexities of an ASD diagnosis among diverse children and families, particularly among immigrant communities. LAY SUMMARY: This research looked at predictors of when children received their first autism spectrum disorder diagnosis across children born to immigrant mothers and children born to U.S.-born mothers. Living in a multilingual home was related to a younger age of diagnosis for children of immigrant mothers; being verbal and having another diagnosis was related to an older age of diagnosis for both groups of children. This highlights the need to improve diagnostic services for diverse children. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2489 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Examining factors related to the age of diagnosis of children with autism spectrum disorder from immigrant and non-immigrant backgrounds in a diverse clinical sample [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / S. B. VANEGAS, Auteur . - p.1260-1270. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1260-1270 Mots-clés : Aged  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Child  Emigrants and Immigrants  Ethnicity  Female  Humans  Minority Groups  Prevalence  Retrospective Studies  autism  diagnosis  immigration  multilingual  racial/ethnic minority Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : A timely diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is important for children as that may help inform the best services and supports needed for optimal outcomes. However, disparities in the identification of ASD have been consistently documented for racial/ethnic minority and immigrant populations. The majority of studies of immigrant populations have focused on the qualitative experience of ASD, however, greater knowledge about the predictors of the age of initial ASD diagnosis is needed. This study examined the child, maternal, and family-level factors that predicted the age of initial ASD diagnosis in a diverse clinical sample through a retrospective medical record review. Medical records of clinical evaluations conducted between 2004 and 2014 were reviewed for children with ASD born to immigrant and non-immigrant mothers. Regression analyses found that for both groups of children with ASD, using verbal language to communicate and having another diagnosis (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or another condition) predicted an older age of initial ASD diagnosis. For children with ASD born to immigrant mothers, residing in a multilingual household was associated with a younger age of diagnosis. These results highlight the complexities of an ASD diagnosis among diverse children and families, particularly among immigrant communities. LAY SUMMARY: This research looked at predictors of when children received their first autism spectrum disorder diagnosis across children born to immigrant mothers and children born to U.S.-born mothers. Living in a multilingual home was related to a younger age of diagnosis for children of immigrant mothers; being verbal and having another diagnosis was related to an older age of diagnosis for both groups of children. This highlights the need to improve diagnostic services for diverse children. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2489 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Evidence-based use of scalable biomarkers to increase diagnostic efficiency and decrease the lifetime costs of autism / T. W. FRAZIER in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1271-1283 Titre : Evidence-based use of scalable biomarkers to increase diagnostic efficiency and decrease the lifetime costs of autism Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : T. W. FRAZIER, Auteur ; D. L. COURY, Auteur ; K. SOHL, Auteur ; Kayla E. WAGNER, Auteur ; R. UHLIG, Auteur ; S. D. HICKS, Auteur ; F. A. MIDDLETON, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1271-1283 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder  Biomarkers  Child  Early Diagnosis  Humans  Mass Screening  United States  autism spectrum disorder  biomarkers  cost analysis  early diagnosis  evidence-based assessment  developer of the eye tracking test that was used in the EBM analysis. Thomas W.  Frazier has received federal funding or research support from, acted as a consultant  to, received travel support from, and/or received a speaker's honorarium from  Quadrant Biosciences, Impel NeuroPharma, F. Hoffmann?La Roche AG Pharmaceuticals,  the Cole Family Research Fund, Simons Foundation, Ingalls Foundation, Forest  Laboratories, Ecoeos, IntegraGen, Kugona LLC, Shire Development, Bristol?Myers  Squibb, Roche Pharma, National Institutes of Health, and the Brain and Behavior  Research Foundation and has an investor stake in AutismEYES LLC. Steven D. Hicks and  Frank A. Middleton are co?developers of the saliva RNA based autism test that is  used in the EBM analysis, and members of the Clinical and Scientific Advisory Boards  of Quadrant Biosciences. Kristin Sohl is director of ECHO Autism and both Kristin  Sohl and Daniel L. Coury are a member of the Clinical Advisory Board of Quadrant  Biosciences. Daniel L. Coury has received federal funding or research support from  National Institutes of Health, GW Biosciences, Neurim, Stemina Biosciences, and  Stalicla SA  and acted as a consultant to BioRosa, Cognoa, GW Biosciences, and  Stalicla SA. Kayla E. Wagner and Richard Uhlig are employees of Quadrant  Biosciences. Quadrant Biosciences holds patent rights and exclusive sales rights for  the Clarifi ASD saliva test. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Challenges associated with the current screening and diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the US cause a significant delay in the initiation of evidence-based interventions at an early age when treatments are most effective. The present study shows how implementing a second-order diagnostic measure to high risk cases initially flagged positive from screening tools can further inform clinical judgment and substantially improve early identification. We use two example measures for the purposes of this demonstration; a saliva test and eye-tracking technology, both scalable and easy-to-implement biomarkers recently introduced in ASD research. Results of the current cost-savings analysis indicate that lifetime societal cost savings in special education, medical and residential care are estimated to be nearly $580,000 per ASD child, with annual cost savings in education exceeding $13.3 billion, and annual cost savings in medical and residential care exceeding $23.8 billion (of these, nearly $11.2 billion are attributable to Medicaid). These savings total more than $37 billion/year in societal savings in the US. Initiating appropriate interventions faster and reducing the number of unnecessary diagnostic evaluations can decrease the lifetime costs of ASD to society. We demonstrate the value of implementing a scalable highly accurate diagnostic in terms of cost savings to the US. LAY SUMMARY: This paper demonstrates how biomarkers with high accuracy for detecting autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could be used to increase the efficiency of early diagnosis. Results also show that, if more children with ASD are identified early and referred for early intervention services, the system would realize substantial costs savings across the lifespan. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2498 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Evidence-based use of scalable biomarkers to increase diagnostic efficiency and decrease the lifetime costs of autism [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / T. W. FRAZIER, Auteur ; D. L. COURY, Auteur ; K. SOHL, Auteur ; Kayla E. WAGNER, Auteur ; R. UHLIG, Auteur ; S. D. HICKS, Auteur ; F. A. MIDDLETON, Auteur . - p.1271-1283. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1271-1283 Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder  Biomarkers  Child  Early Diagnosis  Humans  Mass Screening  United States  autism spectrum disorder  biomarkers  cost analysis  early diagnosis  evidence-based assessment  developer of the eye tracking test that was used in the EBM analysis. Thomas W.  Frazier has received federal funding or research support from, acted as a consultant  to, received travel support from, and/or received a speaker's honorarium from  Quadrant Biosciences, Impel NeuroPharma, F. Hoffmann?La Roche AG Pharmaceuticals,  the Cole Family Research Fund, Simons Foundation, Ingalls Foundation, Forest  Laboratories, Ecoeos, IntegraGen, Kugona LLC, Shire Development, Bristol?Myers  Squibb, Roche Pharma, National Institutes of Health, and the Brain and Behavior  Research Foundation and has an investor stake in AutismEYES LLC. Steven D. Hicks and  Frank A. Middleton are co?developers of the saliva RNA based autism test that is  used in the EBM analysis, and members of the Clinical and Scientific Advisory Boards  of Quadrant Biosciences. Kristin Sohl is director of ECHO Autism and both Kristin  Sohl and Daniel L. Coury are a member of the Clinical Advisory Board of Quadrant  Biosciences. Daniel L. Coury has received federal funding or research support from  National Institutes of Health, GW Biosciences, Neurim, Stemina Biosciences, and  Stalicla SA  and acted as a consultant to BioRosa, Cognoa, GW Biosciences, and  Stalicla SA. Kayla E. Wagner and Richard Uhlig are employees of Quadrant  Biosciences. Quadrant Biosciences holds patent rights and exclusive sales rights for  the Clarifi ASD saliva test. Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : Challenges associated with the current screening and diagnostic process for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the US cause a significant delay in the initiation of evidence-based interventions at an early age when treatments are most effective. The present study shows how implementing a second-order diagnostic measure to high risk cases initially flagged positive from screening tools can further inform clinical judgment and substantially improve early identification. We use two example measures for the purposes of this demonstration; a saliva test and eye-tracking technology, both scalable and easy-to-implement biomarkers recently introduced in ASD research. Results of the current cost-savings analysis indicate that lifetime societal cost savings in special education, medical and residential care are estimated to be nearly $580,000 per ASD child, with annual cost savings in education exceeding $13.3 billion, and annual cost savings in medical and residential care exceeding $23.8 billion (of these, nearly $11.2 billion are attributable to Medicaid). These savings total more than $37 billion/year in societal savings in the US. Initiating appropriate interventions faster and reducing the number of unnecessary diagnostic evaluations can decrease the lifetime costs of ASD to society. We demonstrate the value of implementing a scalable highly accurate diagnostic in terms of cost savings to the US. LAY SUMMARY: This paper demonstrates how biomarkers with high accuracy for detecting autism spectrum disorder (ASD) could be used to increase the efficiency of early diagnosis. Results also show that, if more children with ASD are identified early and referred for early intervention services, the system would realize substantial costs savings across the lifespan. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2498 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Replication study of ADOS-2 Toddler Module cut-off scores for autism spectrum disorder classification / J. S. HONG in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1284-1295 Titre : Replication study of ADOS-2 Toddler Module cut-off scores for autism spectrum disorder classification Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : J. S. HONG, Auteur ; V. SINGH, Auteur ; L. KALB, Auteur ; A. ASHKAR, Auteur ; R. LANDA, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1284-1295 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Algorithms  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder  Child, Preschool  Humans  Infant  ROC Curve  Sensitivity and Specificity  autism spectrum disorder  classification  diagnosis  validity Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) has been regarded as the gold standard assessment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While clinical validity of ADOS-2 Modules 1-4 have been extensively studied, there has been very limited research examining the clinical validity of ADOS-2 Toddler Module. The goal of this study was to examine alignment of the ADOS-2 Toddler Module classification with clinicians' determination of ASD, with assessing cut-off scores for diagnosing ASD in toddlers. A total of 412 toddlers ages 12-30?months who received ADOS-2 Toddler Module as well as a best estimate clinical (BEC) diagnosis, were included in this study. ADOS-2 Toddler Module cut-off scores were determined using the appropriate algorithms (Algorithm 1 for toddlers aged 12-20?months and those aged 21-30?months with <5 words, Algorithm 2 for toddlers aged 21-30?months with 5 words or more). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess cut-off scores that optimized sensitivity and specificity when compared against BEC diagnosis. The selected cut-off scores were examined using frequency tables to compare ADOS-2 classification against BEC diagnosis. For Algorithm 1, classification statistics were optimized at the cut-off score of 12 with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.92. For Algorithm 2, classification statistics were optimized at the cut-off score of 10 with an AUC of 0.96. The ADOS-2 Toddler Module classification is strongly aligned with BEC diagnosis. The optimal cut-off scores identified in the current study reflect the same results configured by the prior study. LAY SUMMARY: ADOS-2 Toddler Module has been widely used for the ASD assessment, but there have been limited research on its clinical validity. This study is the first replication of the ADOS-2 Toddler Module with a large independent sample. We examined alignment of the ADOS-2 Toddler Module classification with clinicians' determination of ASD, with assessing cut-off scores, and confirmed the clinical validity of ADOS-2 Toddler Module. Cut-off scores of ADOS-2 Toddler Module cited in the manual yielded best clinical utility for diagnosing ASD in toddlers. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2496 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Replication study of ADOS-2 Toddler Module cut-off scores for autism spectrum disorder classification [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / J. S. HONG, Auteur ; V. SINGH, Auteur ; L. KALB, Auteur ; A. ASHKAR, Auteur ; R. LANDA, Auteur . - p.1284-1295. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1284-1295 Mots-clés : Algorithms  Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis  Autistic Disorder  Child, Preschool  Humans  Infant  ROC Curve  Sensitivity and Specificity  autism spectrum disorder  classification  diagnosis  validity Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) has been regarded as the gold standard assessment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While clinical validity of ADOS-2 Modules 1-4 have been extensively studied, there has been very limited research examining the clinical validity of ADOS-2 Toddler Module. The goal of this study was to examine alignment of the ADOS-2 Toddler Module classification with clinicians' determination of ASD, with assessing cut-off scores for diagnosing ASD in toddlers. A total of 412 toddlers ages 12-30?months who received ADOS-2 Toddler Module as well as a best estimate clinical (BEC) diagnosis, were included in this study. ADOS-2 Toddler Module cut-off scores were determined using the appropriate algorithms (Algorithm 1 for toddlers aged 12-20?months and those aged 21-30?months with <5 words, Algorithm 2 for toddlers aged 21-30?months with 5 words or more). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess cut-off scores that optimized sensitivity and specificity when compared against BEC diagnosis. The selected cut-off scores were examined using frequency tables to compare ADOS-2 classification against BEC diagnosis. For Algorithm 1, classification statistics were optimized at the cut-off score of 12 with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.92. For Algorithm 2, classification statistics were optimized at the cut-off score of 10 with an AUC of 0.96. The ADOS-2 Toddler Module classification is strongly aligned with BEC diagnosis. The optimal cut-off scores identified in the current study reflect the same results configured by the prior study. LAY SUMMARY: ADOS-2 Toddler Module has been widely used for the ASD assessment, but there have been limited research on its clinical validity. This study is the first replication of the ADOS-2 Toddler Module with a large independent sample. We examined alignment of the ADOS-2 Toddler Module classification with clinicians' determination of ASD, with assessing cut-off scores, and confirmed the clinical validity of ADOS-2 Toddler Module. Cut-off scores of ADOS-2 Toddler Module cited in the manual yielded best clinical utility for diagnosing ASD in toddlers. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2496 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449

Prenatal maternal infection and risk for autism in offspring: A meta-analysis / N. TIOLECO in Autism Research, 14-6 (June 2021)  

Public ISBD [article]  inAutism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1296-1316 Titre : Prenatal maternal infection and risk for autism in offspring: A meta-analysis Type de document : Texte imprimé et/ou numérique Auteurs : N. TIOLECO, Auteur ; A. E. SILBERMAN, Auteur ; K. STRATIGOS, Auteur ; Sharmila BANERJEE-BASU, Auteur ; M. N. SPANN, Auteur ; A. H. WHITAKER, Auteur ; J. Blake TURNER, Auteur Article en page(s) : p.1296-1316 Langues : Anglais (eng) Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder/epidemiology  Causality  Female  Humans  Pregnancy  Pregnancy Complications  Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/epidemiology  Risk Factors  autism  infections  pregnancy  prenatal  risk factors Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : While prenatal maternal infection has received attention as a preventable and treatable risk factor for autism, findings have been inconsistent. This paper presents the results of a meta-analysis to determine whether the weight of the evidence supports such an association. Studies with a categorical diagnosis of autism as the outcome and an assessment of its association with prenatal maternal infection or fever (or the data necessary to compute this association) were included. A total of 36 studies met these criteria. Two independent reviewers extracted data on study design, methods of assessment, type of infectious agent, site of infection, trimester of exposure, definition of autism, and effect size. Analyses demonstrated a statistically significant association of maternal infection/fever with autism in offspring (OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.20-1.46). Adjustment for evident publication bias slightly weakened this association. There was little variation in effect sizes across agent or site of infection. Small differences across trimester of exposure were not statistically significant. There was some evidence that recall bias associated with status on the outcome variable leads to differential misclassification of exposure status. Nonetheless, the overall association is only modestly reduced when studies potentially contaminated by such bias are removed. Although causality has not been firmly established, these findings suggest maternal infection during pregnancy confers an increase in risk for autism in offspring. Given the prevalence of this risk factor, it is possible that the incidence of autism would be reduced by 12%-17% if maternal infections could be prevented or safely treated in a timely manner. LAY SUMMARY: This study is a meta-analysis of the association of maternal infection during pregnancy and subsequent autism in offspring. In combining the results from 36 studies of this association we find that a significant relationship is present. The association does not vary much across the types of infections or when they occur during pregnancy. We conclude that the incidence of autism could be substantially reduced if maternal infections could be prevented or safely treated in a timely manner. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2499 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449 [article] Prenatal maternal infection and risk for autism in offspring: A meta-analysis [Texte imprimé et/ou numérique] / N. TIOLECO, Auteur ; A. E. SILBERMAN, Auteur ; K. STRATIGOS, Auteur ; Sharmila BANERJEE-BASU, Auteur ; M. N. SPANN, Auteur ; A. H. WHITAKER, Auteur ; J. Blake TURNER, Auteur . - p.1296-1316. Langues : Anglais (eng) in Autism Research > 14-6 (June 2021) . - p.1296-1316 Mots-clés : Autism Spectrum Disorder  Autistic Disorder/epidemiology  Causality  Female  Humans  Pregnancy  Pregnancy Complications  Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/epidemiology  Risk Factors  autism  infections  pregnancy  prenatal  risk factors Index. décimale : PER Périodiques Résumé : While prenatal maternal infection has received attention as a preventable and treatable risk factor for autism, findings have been inconsistent. This paper presents the results of a meta-analysis to determine whether the weight of the evidence supports such an association. Studies with a categorical diagnosis of autism as the outcome and an assessment of its association with prenatal maternal infection or fever (or the data necessary to compute this association) were included. A total of 36 studies met these criteria. Two independent reviewers extracted data on study design, methods of assessment, type of infectious agent, site of infection, trimester of exposure, definition of autism, and effect size. Analyses demonstrated a statistically significant association of maternal infection/fever with autism in offspring (OR = 1.32; 95% CI = 1.20-1.46). Adjustment for evident publication bias slightly weakened this association. There was little variation in effect sizes across agent or site of infection. Small differences across trimester of exposure were not statistically significant. There was some evidence that recall bias associated with status on the outcome variable leads to differential misclassification of exposure status. Nonetheless, the overall association is only modestly reduced when studies potentially contaminated by such bias are removed. Although causality has not been firmly established, these findings suggest maternal infection during pregnancy confers an increase in risk for autism in offspring. Given the prevalence of this risk factor, it is possible that the incidence of autism would be reduced by 12%-17% if maternal infections could be prevented or safely treated in a timely manner. LAY SUMMARY: This study is a meta-analysis of the association of maternal infection during pregnancy and subsequent autism in offspring. In combining the results from 36 studies of this association we find that a significant relationship is present. The association does not vary much across the types of infections or when they occur during pregnancy. We conclude that the incidence of autism could be substantially reduced if maternal infections could be prevented or safely treated in a timely manner. En ligne : http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2499 Permalink : https://www.cra-rhone-alpes.org/cid/opac_css/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=449